Civil Disobedience Martin Luther King David Thoreau LA riot Essay

Civil DisobedienceOn April 29, 1992, the City of Los Angeles was surrounded in a riot in response to the "not guilty" verdicts in the trial of four white Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers accused of unlawfully beating Rodney nance. Six days later, when the fires were at last extinguished and the smoke had cleared, estimates of the material damage done vary between about $800 million and $1 billion, 54 people had been killed, more than 2000 injured, in extra of 800 structures were burned, and about 10,000 people were arrested.(Khalifah 89) The 1992 riots in the City of Los Angeles were arguably the most devastating civil disturbance in the history of the United States.Anyone can say that a law is unfair and unjust. However, who is really willing to accept the consequences for going against this law? Is breaking this law really worth the punishment? The government is the one to sink whether a law is reasonable, but what if a member of the public reckons that a law is not? Should he rebel against this law? Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King jr. answered yes to this question and believed that one should speak out against an injustice. They both believed that government had umpteen flaws. They shared many beliefs in the same subjects concerning Civil Disobedience but had many different views on how the government should work and how the citizen should be treated by society.Civil disobedience can turn into civil disturbance. When a white motortruck driver, Reginald Denny, was dragged from his vehicle and severely beaten by an angry mob. Both Martin Luther King younger and Thoreau believed that one should act out against an unjust law by performer of peaceful protest. Therefore both King and Thoreau would not support the rebels violent behavior of the LA riots. If one is going to openly express his ideas of disagreeing with an unjust law, he must be willing to accept the consequences. Both Martin Luther King Jr. and Thoreau demon strated this acceptance of consequences by going to jail without repercussion. This shows that they truly believed in the annihilation of such a law that forces them to do something that they do not want to do. Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested for gathering with others to protest peacefully, which the police claimed was unlawful, because they were parading without a permit. Martin Luther King Jr. peacefully went ... ...or not paying taxes. Martin Luther King serves a sentence, which is usually longer than a day, for a peaceful protest. Not paying taxes seems a lot more incriminating than having a peaceful gathering. However, the laws have changed considerably since the time of Thoreau. Despite this, there still was a double standard that people of different races had to come with. The answer to the question whether one should disobey an unjust law is yes. One should stand up for what he believes in, and not have anyone else dictate to him what is right or wrong by passing unju st laws. According to the U.S. Constitution, one has the right of free speech the ability to speak out against a law that he believes is morally unjust.(____) People should not be treated differently because of their race, color, or beliefs. Laws should not be passed that impose bad intentions upon certain groups. In conclusion, King and Thoreau believe one should have the right to question their authority if the authority has passed an immorally just law. The way looters questioned the injustice has gone overboard, affecting the lives of innocence is not what King and Thoreau believed in terms of civil disobedience.

Rasputin: The Man, The Mystery Essay -- essays research papers

IntroductionGrigory Yefimovich Rasputin is known as the Siberian Mystic Healer, whose disembodied spirit has been retold numerous of times and almost each time it is told it is retold in a different way. Since Rasputin lived in a civilization not that advanced, little is know of his original forty years of life. So most information on the man are normally from stories families have passed on. Some say he is a holy monk with great roles, on the other hand he may be known as a phony with a false continuative to God.The BeginningRasputin was born between 1864 and 1865 in his own home of Pokrovskoe. It is now known as Tiumen Oblast. It is located in Siberia on the Toura River. This was a small urban center located near the Ural Mountains. At the center of the village stood a large white church with a guilded dome, which was a symbol of Russias strong spectral background.At the age of eighteen Rasputin went through a religious transition. He eventually went to the monastery at Ve rkhoture. At this place he became aquatinted to the Khlysty sect. After spending whatever time at this monastery he did not become a monk. When he came to this monastery he had no intentions of becoming a monk. But this even eventually leads to fame and power for Rasputin.At the age of nineteen, Rasputin returned to his home in Pokrovskoe. There he fell in love and married Praskovia Fyodorovna. Together the two had three children. They had Dimitri in 1897, mare in 1898, and Varvara in 1900.Marriage wasnt enough to keep Rasputin in one place. He continued to wander to places of religious significance suck as Mt. Athos, Greece, and Jerusalem. He was a self-proclaimed holy man. He had the power to heal the sick and the power to predict the future. His fame grew greatly. Soon people traveled from long distances in await of his well heard about abilities and insight. For Rasputins help, people would repay him with food, presents, and money. Rasputin has had no long period of religious or spiritual training. He also had rattling limited education so he was left illiterate. This made his theatrical abilities become very useful.One day while Rasputin was plowing in the palm he had a revelation. The story states that a Heavenly Mother touched him. She told him of young Aleksei, the tsarevich and she instructed him to appear at the boys side to stop his haemorrhage. His bleeding was a result of his hemophilia. ... ...sants, you, Tsar of Russia, have nothing to fear, remain on your throne and govern, and you, Russian Tsar, allow for have nothing to fear for your children, they pass on sovereignty for hundreds of years in Russia. But if I am murdered by boyars, nobles, and if they shed my blood, their hands will remain soiled with my blood, for twenty-five years they will not wash their hands from my blood. They will leave Russia. Brothers will kill brothers, and they will kill each other and hate each other, and for twenty-five years there will be no noblers in the country. Tsar of the land of Russia, if you hear the sound of the bell which will tell you that Grigory has been killed, you must know this if it was your dealing who have wrought my death then no one of your family, that is to say, none of your children or relations will remain alive for more than two years. They will be killed by the Russian people...I shall be killed. I am no longer among the living. Pray, pray, be strong, think of your blessed family.This letter was written to Tsarina Alexandra on December 7, 1916. Twenty-three days later Rasputin was killed and nineteen months later after Rasputins death the Tsar and his family lay dead.

The Theme of Loneliness in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- Frank

bloody shame Shelleys Frankenstein examines deuce phenomena of human nature, scientific curiosity and l unityliness the latter(prenominal) will serve as the focus of this essay. The very manner in which Frankenstein begins, that of the correspondence of an unattached explorer who longs for a fellow traveller on his voyage, with no wholeness to write to but his sister, establishes the theme of loneliness immediately. Frankensteins creation is a complex character whose true motives can non be determined easily. Although one cannot excuse his actions, they should certainly not be viewed out of context. The marionette is exposed to the painful reality of loneliness from the moment of his creation. I had worked hard for nearly two years, Victor states, for the sole calculate of infusing life into an inanimate body...but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. Unable to stand the aspect of the being I had created, I rushed out of the room... The moment Victor realizes what he has done, he is terrified, and flees. This cycle continues, each time isolating the creature further and further. He yearns eer for some kind of human contact, but does not receive it because of the way in which Victor created his body. Victor meant for it to be a thing of beauty, but realized first that the gathering of pieces from various cadavers resulted in an appearance that frightens at first sight. A barrier always exists before the creature, such(prenominal) like the wall that scattered him from the cottage of the DeLaceys. The creature is touched by the love of the DeLacey family and feels that he is a part of their family. He wants desperately to be veritable by them, but is witting of how they will react if they se... ...excuse the creatures actions. But we can be more understanding of his situation and try to have some compassion. afterwards all, as the creature verbalise to Walton, You hate me, but your abhorrence cannot equal that with which I regard myself. Works Cited and Consulted Bloom, Harold. Mary Shellys Frankenstein. New York Chelsea, 1987. Botting, Fred. Making monstrous. Frankenstein, criticism, theory. Manchester University Press, 1991. Boyd, Stephen. York Notes on Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Longman York Press, 1992. Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley. Her Life, her Fiction, her Monsters. Methuen. New York, London, 1988. Patterson, Arthur Paul. A Frankenstein Study. http//www.watershed.winnipeg.mb.ca/Frankenstein.html Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus. Edited with an Introduction and notes by Maurice Hindle. Penguin books, 1992 The Theme of Loneliness in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- Frank Mary Shelleys Frankenstein examines two phenomena of human nature, scientific curiosity and loneliness the latter will serve as the focus of this essay. The very manner in which Frankenstein begins, that of the correspondence of an unattache d explorer who longs for a companion on his voyage, with no one to write to but his sister, establishes the theme of loneliness immediately. Frankensteins creation is a complex character whose true motives cannot be determined easily. Although one cannot excuse his actions, they should certainly not be viewed out of context. The creature is exposed to the painful reality of loneliness from the moment of his creation. I had worked hard for nearly two years, Victor states, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body...but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. Unable to endure the aspect of the being I had created, I rushed out of the room... The moment Victor realizes what he has done, he is terrified, and flees. This cycle continues, each time isolating the creature further and further. He yearns constantly for some kind of human contact, but does not receive it because of the way in which Victor created his body. Victor meant for it to be a thing of beauty, but realized first that the gathering of pieces from various cadavers resulted in an appearance that frightens at first sight. A barrier always exists before the creature, much like the wall that separated him from the cottage of the DeLaceys. The creature is touched by the love of the DeLacey family and feels that he is a part of their family. He wants desperately to be accepted by them, but is aware of how they will react if they se... ...excuse the creatures actions. But we can be more understanding of his situation and try to have some compassion. After all, as the creature said to Walton, You hate me, but your abhorrence cannot equal that with which I regard myself. Works Cited and Consulted Bloom, Harold. Mary Shellys Frankenstein. New York Chelsea, 1987. Botting, Fred. Making monstrous. Frankenstein, criticism, theory. Manchester University Press, 1991. Boyd, Stephen. York Notes on Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Longman York Press, 1992. Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley. Her Life, her Fiction, her Monsters. Methuen. New York, London, 1988. Patterson, Arthur Paul. A Frankenstein Study. http//www.watershed.winnipeg.mb.ca/Frankenstein.html Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus. Edited with an Introduction and notes by Maurice Hindle. Penguin books, 1992

The History of Human Evolution Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Pa

The History of Human Evolution By definition, forgiving beings ontogeny is the development, both biological and cultural, of humans. Human ideologies of how the evolution of man came to be is determined by cultural beliefs that submit been adopted by societies going back as far as the Upper Paleolithic era, some 40,000 years ago. Through the study of paleoanthropology, we guard come to determine that a human is any penis belonging to the species of Homo Sapiens. Paleoanthropologists, while studying the evolution of humans, identify and explain evolutionary changes that occur throughout time that aid in the development of the human species. It will be through the examination of human physical traits, human origins from pre-humans to modern humans, and major discoveries that we will be able to understand the history of human evolution. The Hominidae, or hominids are a group of upright walking order Primates with relatively large brains. The only existing represen tative of this family is the Homo sapiens. We can reserve that all humans are part of the hominid family, yet not all hominids can be considered humans. However all humans are primates although humans have developed very distinct traits from its genetically similar primate, the chimpanzees, such as bipedalism, meaning walking on two legs. Bipedalism seems to be ace of the earliest of the major hominine characteristics to have evolved.(Microsoft Encarta) Bipedalism enabled humans to develop specific physical traits to accommodate their upright posture, such as a specialized pelvis, informed and leg muscles, and an S-shaped vertebral column. These traits, specific to humans, can be detected in fogy records therefore making bipedalism the defining factor in the physica... ...o could even have lived side by side.(Lawson) This discovery just proves how human evolution can be understood more in depth with continuous fossil findings and how we can never truly be sure how hu man evolution began because it would be impossible to be 100% positive that all fossil records have been analyzed. The Kenyanthropus discovery may prove that two lineages of human evolution may exist but that does not necessarily mean that others do not.WORK CITED Gallagher, Richard B., Michael Murphy, and Luke ONeill. What Are We? Where Did We Come From? Where Are We Going? Science 14 Jan. 1994 181-183Human Evolution. Microsoft Encarta. 1996 ed. CD-ROM Lawson, Willow, A New Face Joins the Family. ABCNEWS 2001.Leaky, Meave G., New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages. reputation 2001433-440

Holes :: essays research papers

Holes is a book ab start a boy named Stanley Yelnats who is convicted of stealing a famous basketball players shoes. His punishment for stealing a basketball players shoes is going to detention plurality. Stanley believes that this all happened because of an ancient family nuisance or mess. This is true because both bad lot and fate led to detention camp where he turned his bad luck around once and for all.In the book Holes Stanley Yelnats gets sent to a detention camp because of bad luck. His bad luck was that he was standing under a bridge when a stolen pair of a famous basketball players shoes got dropped on his head. He was in the wrong place at the wrong time because of an ancient family curse. The curse put on his family was set because of Stanleys pig stealing great-great grandfather who disrespected one of the ancestors of Zero, the boy who committed the crime that Stanley was convicted of. Zero, who was also in the camp, told Stanley that his ancestor had told Stanleys great-great grandfather how to get rid of the family curse entirely that he never got rid of it. This is the first time that Stanley realized that the curse could be broken. This curse is taken away at the end of the book. Stanleys fate and bad luck were changed because he did something that his great-great grandfather was supposed to do. While at detention camp, Stanley is forced dig a hole at super specific regulations. Stanleys holes get dug but not as fast as hed like them to. Stanley doesnt know this but the holes are a big part of his fate. The warden says that they dig these holes because it builds character, but the real reason is hidden. The real reason for the digging of the holes is so that the warden can find a legendary treasure. Stanleys hole digging fate was all changed when he found out that Kate Barlow had buried treasure there. Stanleys whole familys luck was horrible all throughout life because of something his pig stealing great-great grandfather did. This woul d be a nasty fate to have because everything you ever did would turn out badly because of someone elses actions.

Holes :: essays research papers

Holes is a book about a boy named Stanley Yelnats who is convicted of stealing a famous basketball players shoes. His punishment for stealing a basketball players shoes is going to detention camp. Stanley believes that this all happened because of an old-fashioned family villainy or fate. This is true because both bad luck and fate led to detention camp where he turned his bad luck or so once and for all.In the book Holes Stanley Yelnats gets sent to a detention camp because of bad luck. His bad luck was that he was standing under a noseband when a stolen pair of a famous basketball players shoes got dropped on his head. He was in the vilify place at the wrong time because of an ancient family curse. The curse put on his family was set because of Stanleys pig stealing great-great grandfather who disrespected one of the ancestors of Zero, the boy who committed the crime that Stanley was convicted of. Zero, who was alike in the camp, told Stanley that his ancestor had told Stanl eys great-great grandfather how to get rid of the family curse but that he never got rid of it. This is the first time that Stanley realized that the curse could be broken. This curse is taken away at the end of the book. Stanleys fate and bad luck were changed because he did something that his great-great grandfather was supposed to do. While at detention camp, Stanley is forced dig a hole at extremely specific regulations. Stanleys holes get dug but not as warm as hed like them to. Stanley doesnt know this but the holes are a big part of his fate. The warden says that they dig these holes because it builds character, but the real understanding is hidden. The real reason for the digging of the holes is so that the warden can find a legendary treasure. Stanleys hole digging fate was all changed when he erect out that Kate Barlow had buried treasure there. Stanleys whole familys luck was horrible all throughout life because of something his pig stealing great-great grandfather did . This would be a nasty fate to have because everything you ever did would turn out badly because of someone elses actions.

Family Type

Past research shows violent video game exposure increases aggressive thoughts angry feelings physiological arousal aggressive behaviors. The present sketch examined the effect of violent video on enmity. It is said that Boys would be more aggressive due to violence as compared to girls. It was hypothesized that there would be high cook on aggression after watching violent video and boys would be more aggressive due to violence as compared to girls.I used Buss-Perry aggression questionnaire to measure aggression level of male and female. The sample of the study included 40 adults of 21-27 years of age. There were 20 males and 20 females. There is a passing epochal mean difference between pre (M =118. 45, SD =23. 184) and post (M =130. 97, SD =29. 527, *p . 000) test of aggression in adults with respect to total. There is also a highly significant mean difference between pre (M = 125. 15, SD = 21. 25) and post (M = 136. 40, SD = 25. 109, *p . 00) test of aggression in men and pre (M = 111. 75, SD = 23. 59) and post (M = 125. 55, SD = 33. 12, *p . 000) test of aggression in women. First participants were accustomed aggression questionnaire before and after watching the violent video. The results indicated that there is significant relationship of watching video on aggression and men scored high on aggression scale than women. I used paired sample t-test technique to measure the significant mean difference between pre and posttest of aggression in adults.

The Battle of Passchendaele

The Battle of Passchendaele Officially known as the Third Battle of Ypres, Passchendaele became ill-famed not only for the scale of casualties, but also for the mud. It was a combination of the Environment, Tactics and Poor Leadership that lead to the AIFs losing the battle of Passchendaele. On 9 October 1917, British divisions, with the AIF in support, attacked towards Passchendaele village in terrible conditions.In the mud and rain the effort proved futile but the high command thought that affluent ground had been gained to order an assault on 12 October. The Germans were fully prepared for the incoming attack, launched across an eleven mile front, small gains of land was only achieved during the attack. whence in the early days of August, the area was saturated with the heaviest rain the region had seen in thirty years. The area in Flanders became effectively a swamp.The weather at the site of this battle was dreadful it was all muddy and sticky, after it had poured for days on end. It was because of the harsh weather that many of the AIF parade got trench foot. As this was happening, the AIF was losing a lot of men that died or could not fight again because of the wounds that they had obtained. Third Ypres was intended as Sir Douglas Haigs Allied forces breakthrough in Flanders in 1917.The AIF broken this battle because of the poor leadership that the officers showed during the battle because of the position they were put in by the Germans. Plumer advocated continuing the attack immediately into Passchendaele ridge, arguing that the morale of the German troops was, for the present at least, broken, and that this combined with a shortage of forces would virtually guarantee Allied capture of the ridge.Haig however disagreed, choosing not to go along with the plans that he had make for the AIF. It was a combination of the Environment, Tactics and Poor Leadership that lead to the AIFs losing the battle of Passchendaele. In conclusion the battle of Passchen daele was a failed attempt by the AIF as they lost a lot more men then the Germans. I have talked about the tactics, morale and the leadership. These parts of the battle were the most interesting to my eye.

How does Stevenson explore duality in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde? Essay

The idea of duality, in this case, of people displaying duality of character, being two faced, of showing contrasting sides to a person, was of much touch on to people in the late nineteenth century, due to the guidance it reflected upon their society, and was a key concept of Gothic literature written at the time. In this essay, I shall see how Stevenson look fors this, the techniques and methods he uses, and the way in which he shows us how duality is significant in nice society.The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was one of the first novels to reintroduce the Gothic literary genre, and thus has several elements that are common to other Gothic novels, which I shall look for in this chapter. With Gothicism being a genre of hatred fiction, almost all Gothic novels have some kind of freak as the antagonist. Mr Hyde, although generally regarded as human (a point which I leave research further later on), is quite obviously a monster in the original sense, that is, a being of pure evil and sadism. He is described as a repulsive, grotesque person, for example, by Mr Enfield There is something wrong with his appearance something displeasing, something downright detestable he gives a strong feeling of deformity, although I couldnt pin down the point.The fact that his features are not truly described, but only hinted on vaguely, is also consequential it is common for Gothic literature to prey upon the fear of the unknown. Hyde as a monster is only ever witnessed through the eyes of others, in other words, at no point in the novel do we give rise an explanation from his viewpoint. This is also another Gothic technique, designed to de-humanise the monster if we could see things from its perspective, we could sympathise with it, therefore this is not allowed.In this novel, the idea of a monster is combined with another Gothic element the double. The double is the idea of duality taken to an extreme, physical level a character who has two different forms , a lot with one being good, the other evil. Common doubles in Gothic literature include werewolves, people who transform from regular humans into a wildcat form, and vampires, people who, by night, become blood-sucking monsters. Hyde is the double of Jekyll although he has a different form, he is not an entirely separate person, but is the evil side of Jekyll. By creating Hyde, Jekyll allows himself to express his innermost desires, without receiving the consequences, such as shame, guilt, or a loss of respect and reputation. This is part of one of the key themes of the moderate, which is exposing duality in Victorian society, that will be explored later.Finally, there is one thing that sets Jekyll and Hyde apart from other Gothic novels. Usually, they are set in very remote places, often in foreign, Catholic countries. This distances the reader from the often scary events happening, however, in Jekyll and Hyde, the fact that it is set in capital of the United Kingdom makes the events seem much closer and real, and therefore scarier. Other than this minor point, however, it is well-heeled to see how Stevenson uses the Gothic genre to explore duality in the book.Stevenson also uses a particular style of writing and a variety of techniques that help to explore duality, for example, the story is titled as The Case of, which, as well as being a case as in a particular event, it is in some ways presented almost as a legal case. As the story unfolds, we see Mr Utterson on an investigation, with evidence in the form of accounts from Mr Enfield, the maid and others, as well as various letters and the will made by Dr Jekyll. At the end of the book, we get the full statements of the two main witnesses, Dr Jekyll and Dr Lanyon. As observe before, Mr Hydes recollection of the events is never known.By writing in this way, Stevenson clearly shows us contrast between the protagonist prosecutor and the antagonist defendant in the book, as well as involving the other cha racters as more neutral witnesses, but leaving it open to speculation whether they are in this case of necessity good or bad, exposing their duality, for example with Dr Jekyll, who, although he obviously hates Hyde for his crimes, still continues to crave becoming him for the purposes of expressing his desires.Another technique Stevenson uses is symbolism, mostly in the form of weather, for example, the city streets were make full with smog when Hyde was out, and in chapters 2 and 4, where Utterson and others are trying to find Mr Hyde, there is a thick early-morning fog. This, although common in London at the time, still had associations of closeness and obscurity, as it was the domain of people wish Jack the Ripper, and therefore the perfect setting for the crimes of Mr Hyde. As well as weather, Stevenson used the symbolism of doors and windows also as metaphors for secrecy. For instance, in Jekylls laboratory, it is always behind the closed cabinet door that he transforms in to Hyde, and it is only when this door is broken down that the mystery is solved. Also, when Utterson and Enfield go to chatter with Jekyll in Incident at the Window, the window serves as a barrier between Utterson and the truth that Jekyll hides.To understand how the book as a whole expresses duality, it is important to understand how contemporary readers would have viewed and reacted to the book. Obviously, at the time it was published, readers would have not suspected the idea of transforming into an evil doppelgnger was the key to the mystery about Jekyll and Hyde. We should bear in mind that the most logical solutions are that Jekyll and Hyde were having a homosexual relationship, that Hyde was the illegitimate son of Jekyll, or that Jekyll was somehow being intimidated and controlled by Hyde, possibly via force or debt contemporary readers would probably have guessed that one of those was the most likely to be the case. It is also important to understand how readers would ha ve viewed Hyde.In the late 19th century, many post-Darwinist theories about evolution and creationism were being discussed and debated, and people were beginning to accept the idea that humans were descended from apes. From this came the idea that people who were socially unacceptable, that is, anyone who did not confirm to the Victorian ideals of etiquette and manners, could be regarded as less evolved, and in a way sub-human. This is extremely evident with Mr Hyde, who is described as being very short, deformed and ape-like.There is, however, a final point about the readers of the book, which I regard as one of the most important, and it is what made the book so shocking and controversial at the time. This is the way in which the book exposes the duality that was present in Victorian society, which is displayed by the important characters in the book. Society and culture at the time were based highly on etiquette and conformity, and of appearing the best as possible in common. A ny persons vices were kept behind closed doors, even with close friends and family, and thus, this endure to people leading very separate public and private lives. In Jekyll and Hyde, Stevenson shows this to some extent with all of the major characters, the most significant of which I shall explore further.Mr Utterson seems to be the most single-track, sincere character, however, he does display moral ambivalence as a lawyer. In his own words, I let my brother go to the Devil in his own way. At first, it seems that it is good of him, as a lawyer, to not judge people at all, however, although this seems helpful, it can also be bad, for example it means that he will not step in to help someone who is going to the Devil, but rather let them consort things out in their own way. He only seems to change this at the end of the book, and that is only because Poole suspects that Hyde has murdered Dr Jekyll.Mr Carew, an MP, is clearly shown as being a accomplished gentlemanly figure, but b ecause of this, we can not help but wonder why he is out in a shady district of London at night, and what he said to anger Mr Hyde so much (if anything). This shows once again the idea of having a private life, kept hidden and separate from your public life, which is what Carew appears to be doing.Finally, there is Dr Jekyll. Throughout the book he is described as a good man, who was respectable, admired by his friends, as someone seen as to the highest degree perfect by Victorian standards. However, beneath the public face we can see that his fascination with Mr Hyde is not purely scientific. Once he has experienced what it is like to be in Hydes body, he begins to crave it more, this is because, through Hyde, he can do things that are completely unacceptable, even by modern standards. The book suggests that, as well as murder, he practised many sexual perversions, and similar acts. This shows how a man can fall and become a lesser human, as noted before, and that this is achieved by science. At the time, people believed in the idea that humanity could reach a peak level, and then devolve, becoming ape-like once again, Jekyll and Hyde could be seen as a metaphor for this.As you can see, Stevenson uses these characters effectively as well a wide variety of literary techniques and in the style of a Gothic novel to explore duality and how it relates to society at the time.

Succubus Blues CHAPTER 19

Carter brought me daffodils the next morning. I had no idea where he could shake up found them this time of year. Hed probably teleported to a nonher continent.What be these? I demanded. You arnt coming on to me after all, be you?Id bring roses for that. For the first time since Id known him, the angel looked embarrassed. I dont know. You perk upmed upset last night. I judgment I thought these might cheer you up.Thanks thats nice, I guess. Ab fall away last night when I snapped at youHe shook it off. Dont worry puff up-nigh it. We all have moments of weakness. Its how we recover from them that really counts.I put the daffodils in a vase, considered putting them on the counter. Romans bouquet, now wilting, was already there, and the red carnations Id bought the night Duane had died had pertinacious since been thrown by. It seemed unfair to give Romans flowers competition, so I put Carters on the windowsill in my bedroom.After that, the days fell into a comfortable routine. C arter and I never became best friends, unless we managed a sort of pleasant equilibrium. We hung out to bemuseher, watched movies together, and even on occasion cooked together. The angel glowering out to be pretty snappish in the kitchen I was windlessness inept.At work, he followed me around, as invisible and unobtrusive as promised. I wasnt surely what he did during my shifts. He gave me the tactile sensation he wandered the store, people-watching. Maybe even browsing books. I also knew he spent a good deal of time waiting in my office, even if I wasnt there, hoping another nephilim note might appear. N i came. The occasional nephilim flashings did, however, and Carter would disappear for a while without even telling me, either large-minded me a brief feathered touch on the cheek to indicate his return or speaking a few quick words inside my mind.I also started having hot chocolate with readiness before my shifts. He had been waiting for me that first day back with a whi te chocolate mocha, and to my surprise, one for himself as well. Bruce made it decaf for me, he had explained.The gesture had been too cute to refuse, so Id sat and talked with him that day, and the next, and the next It was hardly cutting him off as Id intended, still I did stay pretty trusty in refusing any other attempts at socializing outside of work. The coffee encounters seemed good enough for him, fortunately, and an interesting dynamic soon developed.Since I was still down(p) over Roman, I moved and acted sluggishly, talking very little, too caught up in my own personal misery. Seth must have sensed a dapple of this, and rather than let our coffee conversations die in the water, he took the lead in discussion a notable change for him. It seemed a bit forced at first, but erstwhile he grew more(prenominal) comfortable, I found he truly could speak as well as he wrote. I marveled at the shift and enjoyed our time together, finding my heartache over Roman soothed a bit.H es really nice, Carter noted one morning after Id leftfieldover Seth to go work the information desk. I dont know why you spend so much time mooning over that other guy when youve got one kindred this.It isnt as simple as Seth being nice or not, I snapped back, still feeling a little weird around the mind-to-mind communication higher immortals employed so readily. And its not like Im looking for a new guy anyway. Besides, you didnt even know Roman. How can you talk?I know that you didnt know him for that long. How much could have really developed between you guys?Plenty. He was really funny. And smart. And good looking.I suppose relationships have been built on less. Still, Im putting my money on Seth.Go away. I have to work.Angels. What did they know?While walking home from the bookstore on my fourth day at work with Carter, he asked, You trust to go see Erik?I frowned, thinking. I had worked the early shift today and had to go back tonight to tea leafch the staffs terminal dance lesson. I had two hours before that happened and had figured the angel and I would continue our newly formed habit of watching old movies together.What do you have in mind? I asked aloud, once we were safely inside my apartment.He materialized beside me. I want to test the waters. Weve had no nephilim activity in a while. No notes. No attacks. Yet, we know its still around be take a shit I keep getting those little flashings. Why? Whats its game?I pulled a can of Mountain Dew out of my refrigerator and sat on a stool. And you havent ruled out Erik as a leak.No, I havent. Like I said before, I dont want it to be Erik, but he is probably the biggest mortal source of immortal information around.And, I concluded drearily, if he communicates with the nephilim, he might know some of its plans. What are you button to do, shake him down for information? Because I dont want to be around for that.I dont work that way. I can tell if people are lying, but Im not particularly good at oh, how shall I put this, teasing information out of them. As you noted recently, Im not exactly charming. You, however, go by at charm.I didnt like where this was going. What do you want me to do?Nothing out of the so-so(predicate), I promise. Just talk to him like you normally would. Like you were chase up on your last conversation. Allude to nephilim if you can, and see what happens. He likes you.What will you do?Ill be there, just invisible.Were going to be cutting it close to grind back here in time for the dance lesson.Not true. Ill teleport you.Ugh. I had had higher immortals do that for me a handful of times over the years. It was not pleasant.Come on, he urged, sensing my reluctance. Dont you want to put this nephilim business to an end?All right, all right, let me change clothes. Im still not convinced we wont be cramming at the end.He made some Jerome-like comments about(predicate) my desire to adorn myself the old-fashioned way, but I ignored him. When I was ready, we b oth dark invisible, and he gripped my wrists. There was a feeling, completely a millisecond long, like wind rushing over me, and thusly we stood inside a corner of Eriks store. A promiscuous wave of nausea, similar to what Id had while drinking heavily, rolled up in me and quickly faded.Seeing no one around, not even Erik, I turned visible. Hello?A few moments later, the old shopkeeper stuck his ear out from the back room. Miss Kincaid, my goodness. I didnt hear you come in. Its a pleasure to see you again.Likewise. I gave him a prizewinning succubus smile.Youre dressed up tonight, he told me, taking in my dress. Special occasion?Im going dancing after this. In fact, I cant stay long.Yes, of course. Do you have time for tea then?I hesitated a moment, and Carter spoke in my head Yes.Yes.Erik went to put on water, and I cleared off our table, both of us falling into usual roles. When he returned with the tea, I learned it was yet another of his themed herbals, this time called Cl arity.I complimented him on it, grimace the whole time, doing my best to play up the charming part. I even made a bit of small talk before finally plunging forrard with my mission objective.I wanted to thank you for your help last time with the scripture reference, I explained. It helped me understand the whole go angel bit, but I confess it sort of sent me off in a weird direction.Oh? His bushy gray eyebrows rose as he brought the cup to his lips.I nodded. In mentioning angels falling it also mentioned those who married and had offspring. Who had nephilim.Boy, you dont waste time, Carter noted dryly.The old man nodded along with me, as though I had made a perfectly ordinary observation. Yes, yes. Fascinating topic, the nephilim. Quite a controversial subject among biblical scholars.How so?Well, some adherents dont like to acknowledge that angels, the holiest of the holy, would engage in such base activities, fallen or no. That their half-divine bastards might be walking the worl d is more startling still. It makes a lot of faithful very angry.But is it true then? That there are nephilim out there?Erik gave me one of his canny smiles. Once again, you ask me questions Im surprised you dont know the answer to.See? This is what he does to me too. Evades the question.You and Jerome do it to us all the time, I shot back to the angel.To Erik I replied, Well, like Ive said before, my scope is rather limited. He only chuckled, and I pushed the issue. So? Are they, or arent they out there?You sound like someone chasing extraterrestrials, Miss Kincaid. Ironic, since some conspiracy theorists claim alien sightings are actually nephilim sightings and vice versa. But to assure you or not, perhaps yes, they are indeed out there.Aliens or nephilim ? I joked, trying to keep the conversation light, though I knew he had meant nephilim. I already knew they existed, but I was glad to hear him reaffirm it so readily. Surely if he wanted to hide being a nephilims ally, he woul d have been more evasive.Both, actually, if you spent extensive time around my previous place of employment.I laughed out loud, recalling how Krystal Starz did indeed stock books on how to commune with beings from outer space. Id forgotten about that. You know, Ive actually had a few run-ins with your former boss recently.Eriks eyes sharpened. Have you? What happened?No big deal. Just professional differences, I guess. I poached a few of your old coworkers Tammiand Janice? from her. Helena wasnt very happy.No. I imagine she wouldnt be. Did she do anything?Came to my work and made a lot of noise, gave me some doom and soberness predictions. No big deal.Shes an interesting womanhood, he observed.Thats an understatement. I realized wed gotten sidetracked and half expected Carter to chastise me for it. He didnt. So, do you know of any way to make love a nephilim ? Anticipate where itll be next?Erik gave me a strange look, not responding right away. I felt my stomach lurch a littl e. Maybe he did know more about our nephilim. I hoped not.Not really, he finally said. Identifying immortals isnt so easy.But it can be done.Yes, of course, but some are give away at hiding than others. Nephilim especially have reason to stay hidden since theyre continually pursued.Even when not being nuisances? I asked, surprised. Neither Carter nor Jerome had mentioned that.Even then.Thats lovable of sad.I remembered the blurb from Harringtons book, recalling how both heaven and hell had rejected the nephilim. Maybe Id be really pissed off in that case too, wanting to cause trouble and let both sides know I didnt approve of their policies.Erik had little more to offer on nephilim, and our conversation digressed further and further. An hour went by to my surprise, as I would have expected Carter to stop me by now. Making my own excuses, I apologized to Erik, telling him I needed to get going. I bought some of the tea as usual, and he urged me to come back anytime, also as usual. When I got to the door, he called hesitantly, Miss Kincaid? About nephilimI felt gooseflesh rise on me. He did indeed know something about all of this. Damn it.Remember, theyre immortal. Theyve been around for a long time, but unlike other immortals, they have no agendas or divine plots to carry out. Many try to simply live meaningful and even ordinary lives.I pondered this weird piece of information as I walked outside, imagining a nephilim commuting to a day job. Hard to juxtapose that with the horrific images I had otherwise been fostering.Evening had long since fallen, and the parking lot was empty. Turning invisible, I waited for Carter to take us out. And waited. And waited.Well? Whats the holdup? I murmured.No answer.Carter?No answer.Then it hit me Carter had left on another nephilim hunt. I was alone. Great. What was I mantic to do? I had no car, and regardless of what the angel had said about me being safe when he did this sort of thing, I felt uneasy rest out here alone in the dark. I stepped back inside the store, visible. Erik looked up at me with surprise.Do you mind if I wait here for a ride?Not at all.Of course, now I had to get a ride. Pulling out my new cell phone, I debated who to call. Cody would be the ideal choice, but he lived far south of the bookstore and I was north. He would already be on his way to the dance lesson, and coming up here would only ensure we were both late. I needed someone who lived close by, but I didnt know anybody except well, Seth lived in the University District. That wasnt too far away from Lake City. The tricky part was whether he was actually at his home or still in Queen Anne.Taking the plunge, I called his cell.Hello?Its Georgina. Where are you at?Urn, homeGreat. Would you mind giving me a ride?Fifteen minutes later, Seth arrived at Eriks. Id half expected Carter to show back up in that time, but thered been no sign of him. Thanking Seth, I slid into his car. I really appreciate you doing this. My ride kind of flaked out on me.I dont mind. He hesitated and gave me a sideways glance. You look beautiful.Thanks. I had on a red sleeveless dress with a corset-like top.It could use a flannel shirt, though.It took me a moment to remember the tout ensemble Id worn to his brothers, a moment longer still to recall Id never given him the shirt back.Im sorry, I told him after I pointed the same thing out to him. Ill bring it back soon.Not a problem. Im still holding your book hostage, after all. Fair is fair. Feel free to wear it some more, so it smells like you and that perfume.He abruptly shut up, apparently fearing hed said too much, which was probably true. I wanted to laugh the comment off, ease his embarrassment a little, but instead all I could imagine was Seth holding the flannel shirt to his face, inhaling deeply, because it smelled like me. The image was so sexy, so utterly provocative, that I turned slightly away from him, looking out the window to hide my feelings and suddenly heavy breathing.What a shameless strumpet I was, I decided as the rest of the car ride proceeded in dead silence. Crying over Roman one minute, suddenly wanting to jump into bed with Seth the next. I was fickle. I gave out mixed signals to men, flitting from one to another, beckoning with one hand and pushing away with the other. Admittedly, the Martin energy ride was fast coming to an end, so most males were commencement to look pretty good again, but still I had no shame. I didnt even know who or what I wanted anymore.When Seth position but refused to come in with me to Emerald City, I felt guilty, knowing he thought that I thought he must be a misaddress or something for the perfume comment. I couldnt let that go, couldnt stand the thought of him feeling bad over me. Especially when the perfume remark had been kind of a turn-on. I had to fix things.I leaned toward him, hoping the corset top would do half my work for me in smoothing the matter over. Do you remember that one scene in The ice House? The one where ONeill walks that waitress home?He raised an eyebrow. Um, I wrote that scene.If I recall, doesnt he say something about what a shame it is to abandon a woman in a low-cut dress?Seth stared at me, expression unreadable. Finally, a not-so-dazed smile flickered onto his face. He says, A man who leaves a woman alone in a dress like that is no man at all. A woman in a dress like that doesnt want to be alone. I looked back at him meaningfully. Well?Well, what?Dont make me spell it out. Im in this dress, and I dont want to be alone. Come inside with me. You owe me a dance, you know.And you know I dont dance.You think thatd stop ONeill?I think ONeill kind of goes off the deep end sometimes. He doesnt know his limits.I shook my head in exasperation and turned away.Wait, Seth called. Im coming.Cutting it close, arent you? Cody asked me later when we arrived in the cafe of the now closed bookstore, practically running.I gave him a quick hug, and he and Seth nodded cordially at each other before the author blended off into the crowd of staff. Its a long story.Is it true? Cody whispered in my ear, leaning toward me. Is Carter hanging around right now?No, actually. He was, but then he just bailed on me. Thats why Im late. I had to call Seth to pick me up.The young vampires serious mien relaxed. Im sure that was a big sacrifice for both of you.Ignoring the jibe, I rounded up the troops so the lesson could get under way. As we had observed last time, most were about as ready as they would ever get. We didnt teach anything new, choosing instead to review old techniques, qualification sure the basics were solid. Seth, as he had stated, did not dance. He had a harder time resisting, however, as most of the staff knew him well by now. Many of the women move to entreat him. He remained obstinate.Hed dance if you asked him, Cody told me at one point.I doubt it. Hes been refusing all night.Yeah, but youre persuasive.Carter implied the same thing. I do nt know when I got this write up as Miss Congeniality.Just ask him.Rolling my eyes, I walked over to Seth, noticing his gaze was already on me.All right, Mortensen, last chance. Are you ready to make the put together from voyeur to exhibitionist?He inclined his head toward me curiously. Are we still talking about dancing?Well, that depends, I suppose. I heard someone once say that men dance the same way they have sex. So, if you want everyone here to think youre the kind of guy who just sits around and He stood up. Lets dance.We stepped out, and disdain his bold declaration, his nervousness came through loud and clear. His palm was sweaty as he grasped my hand, his other hand almost too hesitant to fully rest its weight on my hip.Your hand swallows mine up, I teased him gently, easing mine inside his. Just relax. Listen to the music, and count the beats. Watch my feet.As we moved, I had the impression he had done the basic step before. He had no trouble remembering the pattern. His problem was coordinating his feet with the music, a behavior which came instinctually to me. I could tell he literally counted beats in his head, forcefully lining them up with his feet. Consequently, he spent more time looking down than at me.Are you going to come with us when we go out? I asked conversationally.Sorry. I cant talk and count at the same time.Oh. Okay. I did my best to hide a smile.We go along on this way, in silence, until the lesson ended. It never became a natural process for Seth, but he never missed any steps, paying attention to them with steadfast design and diligence, sweating profusely the entire time. Standing so close to him, I could again feel something akin to static in the air between us, impertinent and electric.I made the rounds with Cody as things closed down, telling everybody goodbye. Seth was one of the last to leave, approaching Cody and me as we walked out the back door.Nice job tonight, Cody told him.Thanks. My reputation was on the line . Seth turned to me. I hope I redeemed myself with the whole dancing-sex comparison.I suppose there were a couple of notable similarities, I observed, holding a straight face.A couple? What about attention to detail, heavy exertion, lots of sweat, and single-minded determinedness to get the job done and done well?Mostly I was thinking you just dont talk during sex. Mean perhaps, but I couldnt resist.Well, my mouth has better things to do.I swallowed, my own mouth dry. Are we still talking about dancing?Seth told us good night and left.I watched him go wistfully. Anyone else here feel like swooning?I sure do, came Carters jovial voice behind us.Cody and I both jumped.Christ, I exclaimed. How long have you been back?No time for small talk. Hang on, kids.After giving a quick glance around to ascertain we were alone, the angel suddenly grabbed our wrists. I felt that nauseating, rushing feeling again, and the next thing I knew, we stood in a very elegantly decorated living room. I had n ever seen this place before, but it was beautiful. Coordinated leather furniture adorned the room, expensive-looking art hung on the walls. Opulence. Style. Magnificence.The only problem was, the entire place had been trashed. Slashes marred the posh furniture, tables had been knocked over, and the art was either askew or defiled or both. On one wall, a huge symbol I didnt recognize had been spray-painted a circle with one line crossing it vertically and another cutting through at an angle, left to right. The glamour mixed with such desecration left me utterly dumbfounded.Welcome to Ch?eau Jerome, Carter announced.

Eating Disorder Research Paper Outline

Take A Bite On This Attention Getter February 4, 1983 was the day that opened the eyes of America to the cerebration of the damaging effects of eating dis localises. This day marks the death of the very famous singer of the time, K arn Carpenter. Looking glamorous and confident on the outside, most did non know she was delivering from Anorexia Nervosa (B5). Throughout her immature days, she was over cant over. In 1967, weighing 140 pounds, K arn was put on a water diet by her doctor. This brought her down to long hundred pounds (B6).Even though she was now at a healthy weight, she was still insecure due to her large amount of celebrity peers who were the ideal, everlasting(a) weight. Taking oodles of thyroid pills a day and throwing up the little food she ate, by 1975 Karen weighed 80 pounds. Her body became so weak that during one of her performances in Las Vegas, she collapsed on coiffe (B7). She was then fin all(prenominal)y admitted into the hospital, where it was confirm ed she was 35 pounds underweight. Shocked by this, Karen consulted with doctors and therapists to do all polishedg she could to return back to a healthy weight.However, it was too late. Due to the excess laxatives and starvation, Karens body could not take anymore (B8). Her death was a surprise to America, unaware of the dangers of eating disorders. Defintion of topic/terms Types of Eating Disorders The three types of eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating. Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder in which a person sees themselves as overweight, even when they are unbelievably skinny. An anorexic might exercise likewise and starve themselves to lose more weight.Bulimia Nervosa An eating disorder in which a person eats large amounts of food, followed by dangerous measures to control his or her weight. Examples of this are excessive exercise, self-induced vomiting (purging), and the abuse of diuretics and laxatives. Binge Eating An eating disorder in whi ch one consumes enormous amounts of food at a time, without the self-induced methods of afterwards getting rid of it. One suffering from this will commonly eat by themselves out of embarrassment, and will feel like they present lost control.I) The focal point the media affects eating disorders is a solemn problem A) More and more teens are affected by eating disorders every(prenominal) day. 1) The National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) has an fancy of 35 million Americans who are affected by anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating. (F1) 2) Eating disorders affect 3% to 5% of the American female population. (B3) 3) 1% to 3% of teenage girls in middle and high school are affected only by bulimia, while 1% to 4% are affected in college. H3) 4) The music director of the Renfrew Center of Southern Connecticut, named Burnell, states that one percent of American women are affected by anorexia and atomic number 23 percent are bulimic. The Renfrew Center is an eating disorder cli nic in Wilton. (F6) 5) jibe to Britains National Health Service, over the past three years children eight years and younger have been admitted to the hospital for anorexia. From age five to six 98 have been admitted, and from age seven to eight, 99. (A1) B) With more exposure to the media, more begin to suffer from an eating disorder. ) Dr. Anne Becker, the owner of the Eating Disorder Clinic at Harvard Medical School, did a study after TV was released to the island of Fiji in 1995. After three years, there was an enormous rise in eating disorders, where just some 74% of the females said they felt too fat. This culture used to believe you neted weight was a compliment. (B4) 2) Using the self-improvement program Media Smart, doctors Simon Wilksch and Tracey Wade conducted a study of 13 year olds on how to help teens get a better self-image of themselves.After three years, the students who watched the program did not have an increase of body concerns, while the ones that did not w atch it, had an increase. (E2) 3) Sarah Murnen, a professor of psychology at Kenyon College in Gambler, Ohio, did a study on how fashion magazines affected body image. Her look into reviewed 21 studies of the medias affect on more than 6,000 girls, 10 years or older. The results showed that the more the girls were open to the fashion magazines, the more they struggled to have a positive body image. L2) C) The media should minify its amount of influence on having the perfect body because more and more people are affected by eating disorders due to the large tint from celebrities, the press, and advertisement. II) many people consider up to celebrities as role models, while most are portrayed as having the ideal, skinny body. A) While many look up and want to be just like them, celebrities are depicted in a way that is unreal and abnormal. 1) Colleen Thompson, an expert on eating disorders, explains, Many teenagers need a role model and someone to look up to.Unfortunately, too ma ny of them choose fashion models or actresses as role models, they cattle farm picture of them all over their rooms, and some will resort to dangerous methods of weight control to try and look like their idols. (J1) 2) Research shows that the more exposed to models and pictures in the media, the more one is to believe they have to look like that. This happens even though women know pictures have clearly been airbrushed, Tara Diversi, dietitian and co-author of The serious Enough Diet, explains, The rational brain knows its not real, but the emotional brain doesnt. (C3) 3) These girls are anomalies of nature. They are freaks of nature. They are not average. They are naturally thin and have incredibly long legs compared to the rest of their body. Their eyes are wide set apart. Their cheekbones are high, explains Kelly Cutrone, the owner of Peoples Revolution. This is a very democratic company that displays fashion shows all over the world. She then goes on to say, If we get a girl who is bigger than a 4, she is not going to fit the clothes. costume look better on thin people. The fabric hangs better. (L3) 4) We know more about women who look good than we know about women who do good, protests Audrey Brasich, a creator teen model and author of All Made Up A Girls Guide to Seeing Through Celebrity Hype and Celebrating authoritative Beauty. (L4) 5) Barbie would be at least five feet, nine inches tall weighing 100 pounds is she was a real human. (K1) 6) Statistics from a poll conducted by NEDA, show that 64% of adults believe that media is the cause of eating disorders. Out of this amount, 69% are females, and 58% of males supported it. F7) 7) Out of every mental illness, anorexia has the highest mortality rate, usually in the form of suicide. (F4) 8) Around 5% to 20% of anorexia patients will die. (H9) B) Celebrities themselves suffer from eating disorders. 1) Melissa Dehart, a former television reporter, suffers from anorexia and once dropped to 56 pounds. pastime Tonight has followed her story since 2003. (F14) 2) Kate Dillon, a popular model, admitted she got the idea to purge from watching a television movie.In the mid-1990s, she quit modeling when ordered to lose 20 pounds. She only weighed 125. She is now a plus- coat model. (F16) 3) According to Beth McGilley, a Wichita Kansa psychologist specializing in eating disorders, trauma, and working with athletes, those suffering with eating disorders need, on average, five to seven years of sermon (K2). 4) The Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders (ANAD0 state that anorexia treatment cost almost $30,000 a month and $100,000 for outpatient treatments.Insurance usually does not cover any of this. (F8). 4) According to NEDA, out of the 35 million affected by eating disorders, ten million women and one million men suffer from anorexia and bulimia, while the other 25 million suffer from binge eating. (F5) 5) Oprah Winfrey did a huge story about a woman who weighed 38 pou nds from Rudine. She dies in 1995. (F15) 6) In 2006, the Madrid fashion show banned any models that did not fall into a healthy weight range. For example, a 5-foot-9 woman would need to weigh at least 125 pounds. L1) III) The press does much research and much damage on the increasing number of those affected by eating disorders. A) The press is a large contributor to the research done on the different disorders. 1) In 2004, the National Center of Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion conducted a poll of different methods students used to lose weight. Nationwide, 13. 3% did not eat anything for 24 hours or more, 9. 2% took diet pills, powders, or liquids, and 6% took laxatives or vomited. (F9) 2) 95% of all people on diets will gain back all of their weight within 5 years. D1) 3) In Australia, 50% of girls and 33% of boys believe they are overweight, even though they are considered healthy. (E1) 4) Out of all anorexia patients, 90% to 95% are women, while the other small pe rcentage of 5% to 10% is males. (H7) 5) Out of all bulimia patients, only 20% are males, while the other 80% are females. (H4) B) Considering its large amount of help in research, the press also contributes a large amount to the number of those suffering from eating disorders. ) Tara Diversi says, Being overweight reduces your life expectancy by three years, but being unhappy reduces it to nine years. (C4) 2) Proven by a new-fangled U. S. survey, 97% of women say an everage of 13 things they dislike about themselves every day. (C1) 3) More than 85 million American adults suffer from obesity and binge eating. (F12) 4) Out of every mental illness, eating disorders contribute to the highest death rate, topping off depression and schizophrenia. (D2) 5) Starvation is performed by almost eleven million Americans who suffer from eating disorders. F10) 6) The serious effects of anorexia are abnormal heart rate, low blood pressure, loss of bone density, weak muscles, dehydration which can lead to kidney failure, fatigue, hair loss, dry skin, and geological formation of hair all over the body to help keep it warm. (H6). 7) The serious effects of bulimia are electrolyte imbalances from the loss of potassium and sodium from the body, gastric separate during bingeing, tooth decay and staining from the stomach acids of continuous vomiting, and irregular bowel movements from laxative and diuretic use. H2) IV) Advertisements have a huge affect on ones eating habits. A) Advertisement has a great affect on obesity. 1) According to research by the Kaiser Family Foundation and researchers at Indiana University, kids 2 to 7 years old view unhealthy food commercials 12 times a day and around 4,400 times a year. Children 8 to 12 watch around 21 a day, with around 7,600 a year. Teens view these commercials around 17 times a day, with around 6,600 per year. (G1) 2) Out of all the ads viewed by 2 to 7 year-old children, 32% of them are about food and drinks, 25% for 9 to 13 year ol ds, and 22% for teens. (G6) ) Out of all kid commercials on food, 34% is about candy and snacks, 28% on usually sugared cereals, 10% on fast food, 4% for dairy products, 1% about fruit juices, and nothing for fruits and vegetables. (G7). 4) According to the Kaiser Family Foundation and Indiana University study, which recorded more than 40,000 ads, 9,000 were about food and drinks. (G5) 5) If any parent tried to talk to their kids 10 or 20 times a day about healthy eating, theyd be considered the biggest nag ever, and yet thats how many bad food messages kids are seeing on TV every day, interprets Margo Wootan of the Center of Science in Public Interest. G4) 6) Every year more than ten billion dollars is spent on advertising food and drinks for children. (G3) 7) fleshiness affects more than 66% of all Americans. (B1) 8) Around 25 million or one-third of teens and children are obese or overweight. (G2) B) Negative body image is greatly affected by advertisement. 1) Dove sponsored a s tudy of 445 women, in which 15% admitted they were worried about their image affecting their jobs, while 20% said they dismay about their body almost every day. (A2) ) A study done on 2000 women in the UK proved that womens first impression of other women is their size and weight. (C2) 3) Cocaine, Adderall, and other caffeine-related diet drugs are very commonly used in order for women to lose weight. (B2) C) Advertisement influences girls in both good and bad ways. 1) Ellen capital of Italy is a spokeswoman for the Chicago-based Academy for Eating Disorders, as well as a pediatrician in Cleveland. She states, The media reflects and exacerbates the problems.These teen girls watch and read and observe and emulate. (F13) 2) We do not run photos of anybody in magazines who we believe to be at an unhealthy weight, explains Glamours Cynthia Leive who concludes that the media has a huge influence on womens body images and should stage women of all different sizes. (L5) V) Discuss the F uture (Visualization). A) The rates of eating disorders will go down. 1) More will not feel the need to have the perfect ideal body. 2) Without celebrity role models looking flawless, most will not feel the eed to look just like them B) More people will have better body images of themselves. 1) People will have more confidence without the need to be so skinny. 2) More will understand their body weight and shape is fine just the way it is. C) Society will be more accepting. 1) People will not judge others as much because the berth quo will include a variety of body shapes. 2) With the celebrities and press influencing less on being perfect, more will accept what others look like. Call to action mechanism Research more on the causes and effects of eating disorders * Bring about this information of how the media influences this to representatives in your community, state, or Congress * Write letters to popular magazines, newspapers, or television shows explaining how they are affecti ng society * Spread the word by protesting or bringing up the topic at public events in order for more people to be exposed to this * Get others to help by voting for those who agree that there needs to be a change in how the media exposes the perfect body

Ovid: the Art of Love

Ovid The Art of Love There give birth been numerous questions that fuddle unceasingly confused mankind since the early twenty-four hourss. The significance of life, how everything functions, is in that location a god of every single topic that still confuses humans. Although those concepts create a heavy argument, a topic that is time consuming in our lives is how to pick up on women. A main example of how old that problem has bothered men is in the book of Ovid The Art of Love. We independently come up with our deliver style of picking up on a female through personal experiences and k at a time stories.The majority advice given by Ovid is dead to me but there are a few things I do concur. Ovid bets like a man who has a well-built resume of being beaten(prenominal) with women as well as learned from other stories. The majority things he said in the book I am already familiar with and while I was reading I laughed at how time affects this topic very little. The first thing I have spy was Ovids recommendation of judging a woman only during the day because any perspectives change when the combination of night and drinking are mixed. Even during the day can be difficult.You are walking behind them saying in your mind, She is attractive. But once you get the opportunity to pass by them and jam a quick look back how many times have I said, What was I thinking? Nighttime is very similar but to an tied(p) greater degree. It isnt until you are close enough to say if she is cute or not. This also goes for nightclubs where it is intentionally dark and misleading. Women that you danced with and looked marvelous the entire night nowadays transform when the place is lighted up. That is why you get the digits in a lighted area if you are concerned about the looks.If not, thus by all means take improvement of the darkness. In the present day, very little have maids so getting familiarized with the womans maids is getting familiar with her friends in a platoni c manner, for the time being at least. If a woman likes you but her friends dont then the all she is going to sample from them is how you do not deserve her and how an awful person you are. Every mistake you commit will be blown out of proportion and if you do some(a)thing good will be rendered as you being phony and saying all sorts of things undecomposedeous aiming to get into her pants.Ovid having knowledge of keeping yourself in shape and clean in the era of very few baths and dirt is beyond impressive. Being lazy, dirty or unfit is a bad sign for women that there will be little effort at anything including a relationship. You do not necessarily need to wear fancy apparel but wearing dirty clothes is a turn-off in my opinion. We live in a heavyset nation where being fit not only benefits your health but is also an advantage to your interactions with the ladies. It does not necessarily mean you have to be a body builder but most girls find it a plus when a guy rope is athleti c and can keep up.Makes them aware of you not being afraid of a workout. Compliments and flatteries may take you far if d peerless in a subtle and discreet method. Considerably, I hear guys who spit game in a very direct and sometimes insulting manner. Speak to women in ship canal that flatter them and make them blush. Lying in this case is not only recommended but at times necessary. If she has a voice that cracks glass say it is a melancholic voice that sooths the mind and soul. Its a white lie and really no harm comes from it. Ovid has the fair idea on how to deal with a sad woman.When she gets pissed off, dont accumulate on her current troubles. The best thing is to be there for her, hear her problems and always support her decisions til now if the issue is stupid or non-existent. Non-existent problems are abundant times that are self-esteem related but can just be made up problems such as why is. No matter what she says hold her and dont let go, not in a sexual way just show h er that you are there for her. Im the poor mans poet, was poor myself as a lover, couldnt afford gifts, so spun words. The adequate and the poor have two very different ways of wooing a girl. Girls praise a poem, but go for expensive presents Who needs a crappy poem when you can give diamonds. In my opinion, funds doesnt always bring success, but does make things a lot easier. Regardless of money entities and personality is needed for love to happen, love of money is different as loving someone. Money comes and goes rapidly opposed to feelings linger. One aspect I do disagree with is being the womans slave and allowing her to cheat on you. It is acceptable to please her and allow her to have it her way to a certain accomplishment but being her slave is a huge negative.Be attentive to her but do not let her become your everything. kick for each other some space for you to hang out with the guys every so often and let her be out with the girls. Even if they go clubbing, they just remain in their own small circle of friends and reject all guys that confront them. Be her friend, her lover and her emotional support opposed to being her slave. If you catch her cheating then it becomes a different story. Do you decide to leave her because she is not trustworthy and might be repetitive with her actions or stay and work things out.I would say leave her because there are so many fishes left in the sea and you are in addition valuable for a woman to treat you like you are zipper to her. One thing that most males do not learn from and Ovid mentioned is that competition creates a wanting feeling. I am not saying to purposely go out, cheat on her and force them both to compete for your love. Do not let her flirtatious ways blind you, which she mostly cannot help being flirtatious. Since the beginning, you sight she was a flirt and cannot go wrong there.Instead of getting mad step your game up and flirt as well. Demonstrate to her she is not the only one that can get attention from the opposite sex. Again, do not go as far as to get another womans phone number while she is right next you which is a mindless move. Ovid got into too much detail and expected women to be close to perfect to get a guys attention because it does not take much effort to catch our eyes. One thing for women is to not be lazy because if you are then it might seem you are kind of boring and result our conversations to be short and dull.Do not look filthy, just make confident(predicate) your clothes are clean and you aspect good. The best approach is just make sure you dont look like you havent taken care of yourself in months. similarly be fit and healthy, I find that very attractive in a girl. You may call it curves and what not but if that is what you look like now what are you going to look like when your metabolism slows down and age starts revealing. Do not cheat, it is understandable if you are a flirt and you might not be able to help it but there is a huge dif ference between innocent flirting and flirting on purpose.This goes to the flirting subject, do not try and make your special someone jealous more often than not it leads to complications. Be there for your guy when he has troubles. We seem to be immune to emotions but thats hardly the case, we just hide them way better. Beware of guys with the wrong intentions. If you are not sure if a guy has the right intentions ask the guys that know him and more likely they will tell you the truth because they themselves dont like seeing girls get hurt by his actions. Allow us to protect you in some way or form even though we know youre an independent woman.We have the natural full to protect our partner. Chivalry is not dead its just rare. Dont give into our every wish and dont expect to have every demand met we both have our opinions and beliefs. A relationship is working through them in a mutually benefiting manner. Know how your friends are and be sure to keep an eye on those who are seen with different guys constantly they might go after yours. When it comes to the sensual arts, dont give in too easy. Let desire, passion, lust build up until it just explodes in a fury of ecstasy.Tell the guy what you like and what you dont, if he doesnt listen then he doesnt deserve you. The opposite sex will always seem very distant and strange but in reality we constituent most of the same desires and needs. People grow with their morals and opinions set a certain way, when they meet someone they like those ideals might into question that is why we have conflicts and that is why we appear to be so different. This will always confuse both men and women but for love to occur mutual understanding as well as trust needs to take place.

Orion System Essay

I. INTRODUCTIONThe basic resource of whatever organization whether it is business, non business g everyplacenment or nongovernment is humans physical and psychological ability. One of important duties of manager is to cause these forces to reach hold of organization objectives. Gener aloney, motive is categorized into physical, fri completi nonwithstanding and mental motivation. Physical motivation is referred to the call for of somebodys in charm environment like well fare facilities (adequate work area, climate, light, etc.) Those human inescapably which are associated with insidengs of others and manager in particular and satisfy social needs are referred to as social motivation. The needs that lead to mental satisfaction are mental motivation (http//www.irjabs.com/) 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYMotivation is not in a flash observcapable (it is internal to each employee), it is personal (what is arousing differs and how behavior is directed is often different), howeve r the process is common and it is coating directed. There are different theories of motivation. other(a) theories of motivation and Contemporary theories Of motivation and in addition they are classified as Content theories and Process theories. A Classification of Motivation Theories (Content vs. Process) Motivation theories merchant ship be classified broadly into two different perspectives Content and Process theories. Content Theories deal with what motivates people and it is concerned with several(prenominal) needs and goals. Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg and McCelland studied motivation from a content perspective. Process Theories deal with the process of motivation and is concerned with how motivation transcends. Vroom, Porter & Lawler, tours and Locke studied motivation from a process perspective. 1). CONTENT THEORIESMASLOWS (NEED pecking order possibleness NOTE) An individual moves up the steps of the hierarchy. Lower order needs are satisfied externally (i.e. physiol ogical and safety) while higher order needs are satisfied internally (i.e. social, esteem, and self-actualization) THEORY X & THEORY Y MCGREGOR BELIEVED (Theory Y assumptions were to a greater extent valid than Theory X)and proposed such ideas as participative decision making, responsible for(p) and ambitious jobs, and good group dealings as approaches that would maximizean employees motivation. TWO-FACTOR THEORY _Intrinsic factors are cerebrate to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors are related to job dissatisfaction. THE ERG THEORY Alderfers conjecture Existence, Relatedness, and Growth. Existence refers to our concern with basic material outlastence requirements what Relatedness refers to the desire we have for maintaining interpersonal relationships similar to Maslows social/love need, and the external component of his esteem need. Growth refers to an intrinsic desire for personal development the intrinsic component of Maslows esteem need, and self-actualization ( (Robbins and Judge,2007) Alderfers ERG theory differs from Maslows Need Hierarchy insofar as ERG theory demonstrates that to a greater extent than one need whitethorn be operative at the very(prenominal) time. ERG theory does not assume a rigid hierarchy where a lower need must be substantially satisfied before one can move on. ACHIEVEMENT NEED THEORYDavid McClelland is approximately noted for describing three types of motivational need, which he identified in his 1961 book, The Achieving Society achievement motivation (n-ach) function/power motivation (n-pow)affiliation motivation (n-affil) ( david mcclelland, http//ozgurzan.com) INCENTIVE THEORYIncentive theory suggests that employee will increase her/his effort to obtain a desired reward. This is ground on the general principle of reinforcement. The desired expiry is usually money. This theory is coherent with the early economic theories where man is supposed to be reasonable and forecasts are based on the principle of eco nomic man.2.)PROCESS THEORYEXPECTANCY THEORY The strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attr wide awakeness of that the outcome to the individual. The theory focuses on three relationships )1 . Effort- transaction. 2. Performance-reward. 3. Rewards-personal goals. ((http//ozgurzan.com)GOAL THEORY IN 1968Edwin Locke proposed Goal Theory, which proposes that motivation andperformance will be high if individuals are set special(prenominal) goals which are challenging, simply accepted, and where feedback is given on performance. The two most important findings of this theory areSetting specific goals (e.g. I want to earn a million before I am 30) generates higher levels of performance than setting general goals (e.g. I want to earn a lot of money). The goals that are disenfranchised to achieve are linearly and unconditionally connected to performance. The harder the goal, the more a person will work to reach it.(ibid) ADAMS EQUITY THEORYAdams in 1963, rectitude Theory suggests that if the individual perceives that the rewards received are equitable, that is, fair or just in comparison with those received by others in similar po baitions in or outside the organization, then the individual feels satisfied. Adams asserted that employees seek to maintain equity among the inputs that they bring to a job and the outcomes that they receive from it against the perceived inputs and outcomes of others. (http//ozgurzan.com) 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE fussThe enigma to be analyzed in this research paper is the reasons why workers are not motivated unsatisfied and unproductive? The main concern that employers or organizations are paying attention to is on how to enhance productivity of their employees. productiveness can be affected by many different variables. Out of that employees motivation is the basic aspect. Different organizations employing both(prenominal) the financial and non-financial incentives of goal setting theory of motivation imbibe whether both types of incentives affect the productivity profile but that method is motivated for a shorter period.A positive attitude can table service to build healthful relationships as well as constrain increase motivation. If you have a goal in mind that you are having a hard time finding motivation to meet, try having a positive attitude. Although it whitethorn seem challenging at times, try these easy tips in order to be more positive each day.( James Clear. http//www.solveyour chore.com) Therefore, this behavioral, attitudes, and opinions are collected from secondary data. The aim of this paper is to work the relationship between positive view and motivation.RESEARCH QUESTIONTo describe contemporary theories of motivation?To identify how to motivate employeesTo describe the relationship of positive thinking and motivation?To identify the source of positive thinking?To recommend solu tions to increase motivation ?1.3 OBJECTIVESNow days in any organization there is a problem of lack of motivation at the result low productivity, high turnover and absenteeism. Motivating employees is crucial for an organization. Employees lacking motivation can be disadvantageous for all kinds of organization.- GENERAL OBJECTIVEThe General objective of the study is to know and apply the perfume of motivation to increase Productivity and efficiency Specific objectives areTo motivate employees to be efficient & productiveTo hike warm relationship harmony in workings environment To encourage creativity & positive work attitudeTo be able to cope with work stressTo have a healthy body & mind to head for the hills out daily tasks efficiently. 1.4 DEFINATION OF THE TERMS penury - As Sasso defined in wikiversity Motivation is directed qualification toward a behavior which is constant and strong. This behavior aims to achieve a particular goal and is able to begin, continue, change cou rse and cease. Both external and internal motives pop the question this direction and energy. These motives are made up of an individuals needs, cognitions, emotions and external events .(Remez ,Sasso,Wikiversity) Positive thinking- An individual having positive expectancies for their future (Scheier & Carver, 1993). This positive wit is said to begin from childhood, where it is learned form modeling the demeanor of parents and peers (Snyder & Lopez, 2007). This type of thinking is directly linked to motivation.Selfe respectSelf respect is very important because you are able to exert honesty, confidence and integrity. You also get to earn respect from other people as well as favors and love because of the fact that you love yourself first. ( http//www.ask.com/question/why-is-self-respect-important)1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThe significance of this study will be to gather information that will aid focal point to comprehend features of high staff absenteeism and turnover experi enced by the organizations. The end results may permit the organization to be in an improved position to develop staff retention strategies aimed at increasing productivity. 1.6 THEORETICAL FRAME WORKThe essence of motivation is positive thinking.1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDYDue to lack of material and shortage of time the study was limited on an overview of Eastern can tries and analyzes only Japans case of motivational scheme. 1.8 RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODOLOGYMethodologyThe study uses secondary data .The secondary data source is extracted from literatures on the subject matter from different websites, journals, books, etc. The secondary data contributes towards the formulation of background information and helps the researcher to formulate new theory from it. Research physical bodyThe research designed to analyze motivational system of Eastern and western can tries in respect to their culture. From Eastern side Japans management philosophy has been taken as a bench mark For motivat ion factor. Data analysis methodThe data analysis method is done chronicle review analyzed and interpreted by comparing with the standard literature review to draw appropriate finding, conclusion and recommendations. It is qualitative method.II. LITERATURE REVIEWThe fraudulence for employers is to figure out how to inspire employee motivationat work. To create a work environment in which an employee is motivated about work, involves both intrinsically refreshing and extrinsically encouraging factors. Employee motivation is the combination of fulfilling the employees needs and expectations from work and the workplace factors that enable employee motivation or not. These variables make motivating employees challenging. Employers understand that they need to provide a work environment that creates motivation in people. But, many employers fail to understand the significance of motivation in accomplishing their mission and vision. Even when they understand the richness of motivati on, they lack the skill and knowledge to provide a work environment that fosters employee motivation.As you can imagine, a mentally healthy person is more in all likelihood to think in a positive manner. Positive thinking, like optimism, can be defined by an individual having positive expectancies for their future (Scheier& Carver, 1993). This positive mindset is said to begin from childhood, where it is learned form modeling the behaviour of parents and peers (Snyder & Lopez, 2007). This type of thinking is directly linked to motivation. This is because the behaviors and decisions that individuals make, as well as expectations of what may occur are directly influenced by ones cognitions.A positive thinker will set attainable goals and attempt to achieve these despite their complexity. However, this same person will also know when to separate themselves from a goal when it is too far out of reach (MacLeod & Moore, 2000).While motivation can often be used as a tool to help predict b ehavior, it varies greatly among individuals and must often be combined with ability and environmental factors to in reality influence behavior and performance. Understanding what motivates an organizations employees is central to this study.( http//www.openpolytechnic.ac.nz) Motivation of an individual is also influenced by the presence of other people. Social psychologists have been active in discovering how the presence of others in a given situation influences motivation. Finally, motivation is sometimes also approached from a more philosophical direction. That is, analyses of motivation are understood, at to the lowest degree in part, by examining the particular philosophicalpoint of view espoused by the theorist.( Adam,January19,2011) 2.1 motivatingAL THEORIES2.11) indigence THEORIES FROM BEHAVIORAL ECONOMIST In 1759,Smith had proposed a theory of human behavior that looks anything but self interested.In his first book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith argued that beh avior Adam. Smith argued that behavior was determined by the struggle between what Smith termed the passions and the impartial spectator. The passions included drives such as hunger and sex, emotions such as business organisation and anger, and motivational feeling states such as pain. Smith viewed behavior as under the direct consider of the passions, but believed that people could over ride passion-driven behavior by viewing their own behavior from the perspective of an noncitizenthe impartial spectatora moral hector who, looking over the shoulder of the economic man, scrutinizes every move he makes (Grampp, 1948, p. 317).2.12 )CONTEMPORARY MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES.1) ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION THEORYAtkinson &Raynor (1974) break components The forethought of success / Need for Achievement / Fear of failureAchievement motivation is determined by conflicting approach and dodging tendencies.Positive influences include the expectancy of success, the incentive values of successful comple tion and a need for achievement.Negative influences the expectancy of failure, the incentive to avoid failure and the fear of failure.2. ATTRIBUTION THEORYWeiner (1992)Key components Attributions about past successes and failuresCausal attributions are a persons explanations as to why past successes and failures occurred, and these have consequences on the way they initiate future actions.Most commonly, people attribute failure to a lack of ability on their part, rather than to insufficient effort. 3.SELF-EFFICACY THEORYBandura (1997)Key components Perceived self-efficacySelf-efficacy concerns a persons assessment of their ability to carry out a given task. Consequently, their sense of efficacy will influence the preference of task they choose to carry out, as well as the amount of effort they put in and the level of persistence displayed 4)EXPECTANCY-VALUE THEORYEccles&Wigfield (1995) and Brophy (1999)Key components The expectancy of success / The value attached to that successThe two key factors which influence the motivation to perform are a persons expectancy to make headway and the value they place on having succeeded in doing that particular task.A person will be more highly motivated when both of these are developed. 5. SELF-WORTH THEORYCovington (1998)Locke & Latham (1990)Key components Goal properties include specificity, difficulty and commitmentThe driving cause of human activity is purpose. So, for any action to take place, goals must both be set and pursued by choice.If an individual is committed to the goal, the goal needs to be Key components Perceived self-worth bulk are born(p)ly inclined to come in ways that enhance their feelings of personal value and worth. If anything threatens these perceptions, the resultant face-saving behavior may manifest itself in many unique ways. 6. GOAL range THEORYspecific and sufficiently difficult to lead to the highest level of performance.7. GOAL ORIENTATION THEORYAmes (1992)Key components Mastery goals and performance goalsMastery goals focus on the learning of content.Performance goals focus on demonstrating ability and acquire good grades.Mastery goals are better because they tend to lead to a preference for challenging work, to intrinsic interest in learning activities and to positive attitudes towards learning. 8. SELF-DETERMINATION THEORYDeci& Ryan (1985) and Vallerand (1997)Key components Intrinsic motivation / Extrinsic motivationA persons intrinsic motivation is concerned with the doing of something for its own sake, in order to derive pleasure and satisfaction. This may be the joy of doing an activity or the satisfying of curiosity.A persons extrinsic motivation is concerned with the doing of something as a means to an end, i.e. there will be some reward at the end of it all, or to avoid punishment.Motives can be placed along a continuum between self-determined (intrinsic) and controlled (extrinsic) form of motivation. 9)THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOURAjzen (1988) and Eagly& Chaiken (1993)Key components Attitudes / Subjective norms / Perceived behavioral controlAttitudes exert a direct influence on a persons behaviour because a persons attitude towards the goal will influence their responses to that attaining that goal.Things that can influence this are the persons subjective norms (the perceived social pressures to achieve the goal) and also perceived behavioural control (the perceived ease or difficulty of performing the behaviour). (10). SOCIAL MOTIVATION THEORYWeiner (1994) and Wentzel (1999)Key components Environmental influencesA large proportion of motivation is actually derived from the socio-cultural context rather than from the individual. Key words Motivation, positive thinking, Self respect.2.2 WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF MOTIVATIONMotivation offers several importance to the organization and to the employees ? high gearer efficiency? stretch absenteeism.? Reduces employee turn over.? Improves a corporate image.? Good relations.? Improved mo rale.? Reduced wastages and breakages.? Reduced accidents.? Facilitates initiative and innovation2.3 HOW TO impress EMPLOYEES2.31 BELIEFS ABOUT WHAT MAKES US EFFECTIVE CAUSE MOTIVATION After more than a century of research and argument, motivation researchers and practitioners now begin to agree that motivation is the result of our beliefs about what makes us successful and effective. We all value the goals, working conditions and incentives that we believe will contribute to our success. We avoid situations that will prevent us from achieving our goals. For example, money and/or recognition are nearly popular motivators because they are widely perceived as indicators and facilitators of success for many, perhaps most people. Whether we call motivational tools reinforcement, incentives, drivers, inducements or by some other quasi-technical name, they only motivate when they are perceived as effective. Conversely, we .avoid conditions that we think will delay, inhibit or prevent th e attainment of objectives. (Richard E. Clark1 R. E. 2003) 2.32. MOTIVATIONAL FACTORSThere are several factors that motivate a person to work. The motivational factors can be broadly divided into two groups (http//managementconsultingcourses.com) I. financial FACTORS ? Salaries or wages salaries or wages is one of the most important motivational factors. Reasonable salaries must be paid on time. While fixing salaries the organization must consider such as salute of living , Company ability to pay & Capability of company to pay etc,? Bonus It refers to extra payment to employee over and above salary given as an incentive. The employees must be given adequate rate of pension. Incentives The organization may also provide additional incentives such as medical allowance, educational allowance, hra ,allowance, etc. ? Special individual incentives The company may provide special individual incentives. Such incentives are to be given to deserving employees for giving valuable suggestio ns. II. NON MONETARY FACTORS? Status or job title By providing a higher status or designations the employee must be motivated. Employees prefer and proud of higher designations. ? mouthful and recognition Employees must be appreciated for their services. The praise should not come from immediate superior but also from higher authorities. ? commissioning of authority Delegation of authority motivates a subordinate to perform the tasks with dedication and commitment. When authority is delegated, the subordinate knows that his superior has placed faith and trust in him. III.WORKING CONDITIONS Provision for better working conditions such as air-conditioned rooms, proper plant layout, proper sanitation, equipment, machines etc, motivates the employees. ? origin security Guarantee of job security or lack of fear dismissal, etc ? Job enrichment Job enrichment involves more challenging tasks and responsibilities. For instance an executive who is involved in preparing and presenting repor ts of performance, may also asked to frame plans. ? Workers participation Inviting the employee to be a member of whole tone circle, or a committee, or some other form of employee participation can also motivate the work-force. ? Cordial relations Good and healthy relations must exist throughout the organization. This would definitely motivates the employees.2.31 MOTIVATION THEORIES ARE enculturation BOUND Note that most theories were developed in the US. Many theories do not always work around the world (e.g., equity theory). However, many do (e.g., having interesting work). Motivation has cultural influence Eastern thinking accepts that in life, both good and bad events will occur. Rather than seeing these misfortunes as a challenge, these problems are seen as potential triumphs. When confronted with obstacles, easterners appear to take on a problem solving approach, seeking to find meaning in the positive and negative that enters their lives. Unlike Western thinking which seeks physical rewards in life, Easterners seek spiritual rewards in the afterlife and attempt to lead a more fulfilling life in doing so . The intrinsic motivation to achieve optimum cognitive functioning is highlighted in Taoism, Buddhism and Hinduism. (Snyder & Lopez, 2007).WESTERN AND EASTERN CULTUREWESTERN CULTUREEASTERN CULTURELogical and reason-centered, individualistic thinking.A more holistic, idealistic, and group thinking approach to problem solving Viewing work as a requirement burden.Viewing work as a challenging and development activity.The avoidance of risk pickings and the feeling of distrust of others.An emphasis on cooperation, trust, and personal concern for other The habit of analyzing things in such great depth that it results in paralysis through analysis.Cooperation built on intuition and pragmatism.An emphasis on controlAn emphasis on flexibilitywww.selfdeterminationtheory.org//2001_DeciRyanGagneLeoneEtal.pd. Motivational concept from western attitude and from ea stern attitude.INCENTIVES AND CULTUREUse of financial incentives to motivate employees is very common Countries with high individualismWhen companies attempt to link compensation to performanceFinancial incentive systems vary in rangeIndividual incentive-based pay systems in which workers are paid directly for their output Systems in which employees earn individual bonuses based on organizational performance goals MANY CULTURES BASE COMPENSATION ON GROUPMEMBERSHIPSuch systems stress equality rather than individual incentive plans An individually based bonus system for the sales representatives in an American MNC introduced in its Danish subsidiary was rejected by the sales force because It favored one group over anotherEmployees felt that everyone should receive the same size bonus Indonesian oil workers rejected a pay-for-performance system where some work teams would make more money than others Workers in many countries are highly motivated by things other than financial rewards T he most important rewards in locations at 40 countries of an galvanising equipment MNC involved recognition and achievement Second in importance were improvements in the work environment and employment conditions including pay and work hours. MANAGERS EVERYWHERE USE REWARDS TO MOTIVATE THEIR PERSONNELSome rewards are financial in nature such as salary raises, bonuses, and stock options. Others are non-financial such as feedback and recognition. Significant differences exist between reward systems that work best in one country and those that are most effective in another. WORK CENTRALITYThe importance of work in an individuals life can provide important insights into how to motivate human resources in different cultures Japan has the highest level of work centralityIsrael has moderately high levelsThe United States and Belgium have average levelsThe Netherlands and Germany have moderately low levelsBritain has low levelsVALUE OF WORKWork is an important part of most peoples lifestyl es due to a variety of conditions Americans and Japanese work long hours because the cost of living is high Most Japanese managers expect their salaried employees who are notpaid extra to stay late at work, and overtime has become a requirement of the job There is recent evidence that Japanese workers may do far less work in a business day than outsiders would suspectJOB SATISFACTIONEU workers see a strong relationship between how well they do their jobs and the ability to get what they want out of life U.S. workers were not as supportive of this relationshipJapanese workers were least likely to see any connectionThis finding suggest difficulties may arise in American, European, and Japanese employees working together effectively. 2.4 POSITIVE THINKING AND MOTIVATIONMotivation avoids clashes and non-cooperation and brings harmony, unity and co-operative outlook among employees. Managers have to work as motivators of their subordinates. For this, effective communication, proper appre ciation of work done and positive encouragement are necessary and useful. Motivation is inspiring and encouraging people to work more and contribute for achieving the objectives of the company.The creation of the desire and willingness to perform the job efficiently is known as motivation. positive thinking and motivation influence one another. Not only is this seen physiologically, but it is also witnessed in relation to coping styles, well-being, learned optimism, positive psychology and unearthly beliefs. Motivation is able to help individuals achieve their goals of changing how they think, improving their mental, physical and everyday functioning as a result. Positive thinking however, can also motivate the individual to achieve their goals. This is highlighted through a persons coping mechanisms and by their religious beliefs. In conclusion, this chapter has outlined how positive thinking motivates the individual as well as what motivates an individual to think positively in t he first place. 2.4 HOW TO DEVELOP POSITIVE TINKINGPositive thinking isnt a natural ability, as for thats why you are here. Positive thinking is a strength, a very useful strength that will help you onto the path of success. With time, and effort, positive thinking will be your own strength, to pretty much open a whole new path to the outlook onlife. Positive thinking is contagious. People around you pick your mental moods and are affected accordingly. Think about happiness, good health and success, and you will cause people to like you and desire to help you, because they enjoy the vibrations that a positive mind emits.Learn more about yourself. A lot of times youre just limiting yourself and your full capabilities. deliver new things and stay active. Staying active and doing things new will help develop positive thinking techniques in your life. Face the things that scare you. Fears have the ability to create doubt in our minds. Doubt leads to negative thinking. Once you start fa cing the fears in you life, you develop more confidence.( eHow http//www.ehow.com)Associate yourself with people who think positively.Always sit and walk with your back straight. This will strengthen your confidence and inner strength.Walk, swim or engage in some other physical activity. This helps to develop a more positive attitude.2.5 THE BENEFIT OF POSITIVE THINKINGPositive attitude manifests in the following waysPositive thinking.Constructive thinking.Creative thinking.Optimism.The motivation and energy to do things and accomplish goals. A attitude of happiness.A positive frame of mind helps in a lot of ways, such asExpecting success and not failure.It makes you feel inspired.It gives you the strength not to give up, if you encounter obstacles on your way. You regard failure and problems as blessings in disguise.Believing in yourself and in your abilities.You show more self-esteem and confidence.You look for solutions, instead of dwelling on problems.You see and recognize oppor tunities.The benefits of a positive attitudeThis might seem like a repition of the above, but it helps to make this message clearer. It helps you achieve goals and attain success.It brings more happiness into your life.It produces more energy.Positive attitude increases your faith in your abilities, and brings hope for a brighter future. You become able to inspire and motivate yourself and others. You encounter fewer obstacles and difficulties in your daily life. You get more respect and love from other people.Remez Sasson, http//www.successconsciousness.com)IT CAN MAKE YOU MORE liveResilience refers to our ability to cope with problems. Resilient people are able to face a crisis or trauma with strength and resolve. Rather than falling isolated in the face of such stress, they have the ability to carry on and eventually overcome such adversity POSITIVE THINKERS COPE BETTER WITH sampleWhen faced with stressful situations, positive thinkers cope more effectively than pessimists. In one study, researchers found that when optimists encounter a disappointment (such as not getting a job or promotion) they are more likely to focus on things they can do to resolve the situation. POSITIVE THINKING IS GOOD FOR YOUR healthNot only can positive thinking impact your ability to cope with stress and your immunity, it also has an impact on your overall well-being.(kende cherry, http//psychology.about.com/bio/Kendra-Cherry-17268.htmREFERENCEAdam .http//www.teachthemenglish.com/2011/01/10-contemporary-motivation-theories-and-h EL Deci (- 2001) ow-they-explain-why-your-students-just-arent-into-it/ Davidmcclelland,http//ozgurzan.com/management/management-theories/theories-about- motivation/ EHow , http//www.ehow.com/how_5702659_develop-positive-thinking-techniques.html Richard E. Clark1, http//www.openpolytechnic.ac.nz/study-with-us/study-resources-for-students/goals-and-motivation/strategies-to-increase-your-motivation/ Richard E. Clark1 R. E. 2003) Fostering the work motiva tion of individuals and teams. Performance Improvement, 42(3), 21- RemezSasso,Wikiversity,Motivation and emotionRemez Sasson, http//www.successconsciousness.com/positive_attitude.htm Scheier, M. 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