Nonviolence: Martin Luther King, Jr. and Tich Nhat Hanh

Upon engaging the text of Martin Luther King, Jr. ‘s anti-war speech â€Å"Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence,† one recognizes an undeniable continuity between King's thinking and that of his contemporary Thich Nhat Hanh. It is important to note, however, that King's reflections in this discourse are not entirely beholden to his Buddhist counterpart. The overarching concepts of â€Å"interbeing† and interrelation which drive the speech were evident in King's work and philosophy well before his correspondence with Nhat Hahn. The similarities regarding each man's approach to these notions should be expected given their respective spiritual vocations. Therefore, although King's reflections in this address – which encompass the broader considerations of nonviolence and exhibit a direct rebuke of the war effort – mirror almost identically those made in writings by Nhat Hanh, it is unclear how directly the latter may have influenced the former. Regardless, this speech does reflect elements of Nhat Hanh's nonviolent vision and does so specifically through considering the concept of mutuality in relation to addressing the roots of war, its effects and how to end it. In his address, King makes clear that humanity's failures and the origins of violence stem from the propagation of illusions and artificial perceptions. In particular, King asserts that â€Å"the war in Vietnam is but a symptom of a far deeper malady within the American spirit†¦ ,† whereby Americans suffer from false â€Å"comfort, complacency [and] a morbid fear of communism†¦ † (King). This assertion is clearly reflective of Nhat Hanh's observation that â€Å"thinking is at the base of everything [and that]†¦. ur thoughts can be misleading and create confusion, despair, anger or hatred,† and that â€Å"a civilization in which we kill and exploit others for our own aggrandizement is sick† (Nhat Hanh 68; 120). The societal illness both men perceive is rooted in a proliferation of fear and ignorance, or as King so forcefully asserts, â€Å"legions of half-truths, prejudices, and false facts† (King 14). The influence of these fallacies manifests itself most directly through manufactured notions about our enemies. By reducing our enemies to concepts that we can thoughtlessly abhor, we take no serious deliberation concerning our inherent reciprocity to them, and thus fail to realize the true extent our similarities. Though King had expressed similar sentiments previous to this speech, such as in his sermon â€Å"Loving your Enemies,† one cannot ignore the presence of a comparable position advocated by Nhat Hanh in his 1965 letter to King entitled â€Å"In Search of the Enemy of Man. † In that letter, Nhat Hanh professes that â€Å"[our] enemies are not man†¦ hey are intolerance, fanaticism, dictatorship, cupidity, hatred and [the]discrimination which lie in the heart of man† (Nhat Hanh). Nevertheless, it is clear that King recognizes this point, going so far as to declare: â€Å"We can no longer afford to worship the god of hate or bow before the altar of retaliation†¦ we must not engage in negative anti-communism [but]†¦ with positive action seek to remove those conditions of poverty, insecurity and injustice which are the fertile soil in which the seed of communism [as social strife] grows and develops† (King). As a result of this revelation, part of King's speech calls for peace through an attempt to understand the enemy and the effects war has had on the Vietnamese people. This call for mindfulness clearly resonates with Nhat Hanh's belief that â€Å"[a]ny nonviolent action requires a thorough understanding of the situation and the psychology of the people,† enemy and self alike (Nhat Hanh 40). King exhibits this understanding when stating that the Vietnamese â€Å"must see Americans as strange liberators† and begins a chronological account of the effects an American presence has had in Vietnam since 1945 (King). Speaking of the National Liberation Front, or what he deems in an ironic manner as â€Å"that strangely anonymous group we call VC or Communists†¦ ,† King asks â€Å"[w]hat must they think of us in America when they realize that we permitted the repression and cruelty of Diem which helped to bring them into being as a resistance group [in the first place]†¦ † (King). In essence, King is imploring Americans to put their view of â€Å"the enemy† into context, noting that U. S. actions have done little but imbed a â€Å"deep but understandable mistrust† in its enemies (King). Again, almost all of these deliberations are present in Nhat Hanh's work. Nhat Hanh's statement that â€Å"[e]very escalation of the war, every new contingent of U. S. troops†¦ wins new recruits to the Vietcong† reflects each man's belief that the U. S. is undermining is own efforts in Vietnam because it has implanted soldiers there that â€Å"[know] and [care] little about [Vietnamese] customs and practices and [who are] involved in destroying Vietnamese people and property† (Nhat Hanh 50-51). Moreover, King's optimistic position that the United States has the capability to transcend its obtuseness, reorganize its priorities and lead the cause for a peaceful end to war is a sentiment most certainly shared by Nhat Hanh. To this end, each man's suggestions for ending the war are strikingly similar. In Love in Action Nhat Hanh offers five components that he deems necessary toward a U. S. solution to the war: 1) A cessation of bombing in the north and south. 2) A limitation of all military operations by the U. S and South Vietnamese. 3) A clear demonstration of U. S. intent to withdraw from the country. 4) A declaration of American neutrality and support of a popular government. 5) Extensive aid in the reconstruction effort. (Nhat Hanh 55). Likewise, King calls for an end to all bombing, unilateral ceasefire, curtailing military buildup, an acceptance of the NLF's role in a future Vietnamese government, and a definitive U. S. withdrawal date. The proposals in King's address are almost identical as both men call for material support as well as ideological understanding by America toward its enemies. In addition to these provisions, King demands that the American public take into account the effects war has had on our own soldiers and that they take active steps toward ending it. King calls for a movement away from a † ‘thing oriented' society to a ‘person-oriented' society† where the â€Å"business of burning human beings with napalm, of filling our nation's homes with orphans and widows, of injecting poisonous drugs of hate into veins of people, of sending men home†¦ physically and psychologically deranged†¦ † is deemed unacceptable and impermissible (King). This too echoes portions of Nhat Hanh's nonviolent vision, such as evidenced by his observation during the first Gulf War that â€Å"[s]oldiers live in hell day and night, even before they go into the battlefield, and even after they return home† (Nhat Hanh 75). Hoping that the American public can grasp these realities, King demands that â€Å"we must all protest† in order to awaken others to the fact that â€Å"the American course in Vietnam is an dishonorable and unjust one† (King). Again, although King's attitudes here are not surprising given his own previous writings in nonviolence, when referencing the afore mentioned letter from Nhat Hanh to King, one cannot help but wonder whether the former's description of a fellow monk's self-immolation aimed at â€Å"[calling] the attention of the world [to]†¦. he suffering caused by this unnecessary war† in turn caused King to declare – in reference to anti-war protest – that â€Å"these are the times for real choices and not false ones† (Nhat Hanh; King). On the whole, though it is clear that King's â€Å"Riverside Address† reflects both the large and small aspects of Thich Nhat Hanh's nonviolent vision, whether these parallels were intentio nal or not is unclear. By their very nature, philosophies of nonviolence concern themselves with discipline and awareness of the self, as well as with understanding and empathy for the other. As a result, it is not surprising that King and Nhat Hahn, two practitioners of such philosophies, would both express their concerns about Vietnam around the same theme of humanity's interrelated nature. Therefore, it is not so much important whether one's work or ideas may have influenced the other's as it is that both recognize a common bond between human beings and the supreme need to eliminate the conditions which threaten that inherent relationship.

Pride and Prejudice Narrative Techniques Essay

The passage focuses on the conversation between Elizabeth and Jane days after they received news about the departure of the Bingleys and Darcy. In this essay, I will explore the themes, the narrative techniques used and the tone of the involved characters. Austen’s dramatic form of writing is an attractive feature of Pride and Prejudice. The novel is ‘dialogic’ in nature; the dialogue between Jane and Elizabeth is a representation of their personalities and characters and Austen has purposefully juxtaposed Elizabeth opposite Jane to show the stark contrasts in their personalities, as well as their views and beliefs. Jane is protrayed as the good-natured and forgiving sister; despite being upset that Bingley had left her, she does not blame him but praises him as the ‘most amiable man’ and blames herself instead for her ‘error of fancy’. She thinks the best of others, Bingley in this case, that he is not ‘guarded and circumspect’ despite his wealth. Her love for Bingley is genuine as she sees the virtues in him but she accepts the fact that he may not love her, ‘I have nothing†¦nothing to reproach him with’. The themes of love and class are raised here, as Jane’s words indicate her resignation and acceptance that her love for a man in an upper class is not reciprocated. This reflects how class boundaries and prejudices limit love and happiness during that time. This also indirectly reflects the social standing of women; they are expected to behave in a certain manner that does not undermine their reputation, as doing so otherwise would result in a poor reputation and possible ostracism, ‘I will not repine. It cannot last long†¦we shall all be as we were before. ’ She defends her friend, Charlotte, as having true feelings for Mr. Collins, despite his ‘conceited’ and ‘pompous’ character; an indication of her maybe naive view that true love is simple and has nothing to do with practicality and materialism, ‘it is a most eligible match†¦she may feel something†¦for our cousin’. But what she does not admit openly, due to suspicions that Bingley may have left her due to her social inferiority, is that such ‘practical’ love does exist. Both sisters are aware of this, which is why both are reluctant to bring up Bingley’s name during the dialogue, ‘I have met with two instances lately; one I will not mention†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Focalisation, a narrative technique is employed by Austen here, as the narrative voice deliberately omitted Bingley’s name and referred to him as ‘Netherfield and its master’. Although the opening paragraph is narrated from an omniscient third-person view, Elizabeth is the focaliser; this evokes reader empathy towards the sensitivity of Bingley’s departure. Elizabeth, however, is angry with both Bingley and Charlotte. She disagrees with Jane that Charlotte has feelings for Mr. Collins as she feels that no one with ‘a proper way of thinking’ would marry such a man. She thinks that it is a betrayal to ‘principle and integrity’ that Jane suggested the possibility of true feelings from Charlotte to Mr. Collins and that Charlotte had betrayed love itself as her act of marrying Mr. Collins is not the ‘proper way of thinking’. Elizabeth feels that Charlotte married Mr. Collins for reasons other than love, maybe selfishly for status and wealth, ‘You shall not defend her†¦that selfishness is prudence†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Deep in her heart, Elizabeth wishes to believe in Jane’s idealistic views on true love, ‘To oblige you, I would try to believe almost any thing†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢; but reality has shown her that conventional love is influenced and restricted by class boundaries and practicality. This reflects how marriage was the vehicle of self-improvement and wealth acquisition for women during Elizabeth’s day (and thus Austen’s). Elizabeth views human behaviour as ‘inconsistent’ to their actual feelings and that appearance is not a good indicator of ‘merit or sense’. It also serves as an irony of her own behaviour towards Darcy, as ‘inconsistent’ to her eventual feelings for him. Elizabeth’s views of love remains ‘prejudiced’ at this stage, a structured irony staged by Austen to serve as a milestone to chart Elizabeth’s maturity later in the novel. However, Elizabeth’s burst of ‘outrage’, ‘It is unaccountable! In every view it is unaccountable! ’, can also be read as displaced anxiety and anger as she is very uncertain of her own ability to escape a similar fate of being ‘dumped’ like Jane due to possible social inferiority or having to marry for practical considerations like Charlotte. This is not openly mentioned by Elizabeth in the passage but when she subtly mentioned that, ‘And men take care that they should’, it could be interpreted that she wished to meet a man who would admire her for the correct reasons. Jane’s words, ‘It is very often nothing but our own vanity that deceives us’ foreshadows the maturity in Elizabeth; she is at the moment ‘prejudiced’ against Darcy when she had a poor first impression of him and thus unable to recognize his virtues. Later in the novel, Elizabeth would slowly let go of her ‘vanity’ – her misplaced ‘pride’ and ‘prejudice’ to realise a tender and mutual love between herself and Darcy. In conclusion, Austen’s ‘dialogic’ prose gives personalities to both Jane and Elizabeth, revealing the conscious and unconscious natures of the sisters, as well as their ‘hidden impulses and repressed longings. ’ (Walder, 1995, p54) (884 words) References Austen, J. Pride and Prejudice. ed. by J. Kinsley, Oxford World’s Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. D. Walder, eds. The Realist Novel. London: Routledge in association with the Open University, 1995.

Florence kelleys speech on child labor Essay

In Florence Kelley’s speech to the National American Woman Suffrage Association, she connects with her audience and encourages them to fight for the end of child labor by showing how horrifying it truly it is. Through bringing up the horrors of child labor, she implies that women need the right to vote, as they would abolish child labor. By appealing to pathos, using imagery, and applying repetition, Kelley successfully convinces the audience to agree that child labor is wrong. Through appealing to pathos, Kelley connects with the audience’s conscience by showing how barbaric child labor and pushes her audience to desire the end of child labor. By stating that children â€Å"in age from six and seven years and eight, nine, and ten years†, work to provide for their families and themselves, Kelley strikes a chord in the listeners’ hearts and shows how this system takes advantage of young kids. This shows the monstrosity that is child labor as they are so young. As she writes that â€Å"boys and girls, after their 14th birthday, enjoy the pitiful privilege of working all night long†, Kelley shows that working all night is like forcing children into slavery. With the oxymoron â€Å"pitiful privilege†, she shows ironic it is that when a child has an important birthday, they are jokingly rewarded with longer work hours. Kelley connects with the audiences’ emotions as she shows how unjust it is to make children work as har d and as long as adults do. By describing the children as â€Å"little beasts of burden, robbed of school life that they may work for us†, Kelley makes the audience feel guilty for allowing child labor to be a common occurrence within America. By utilizing pathos, Kelley connects with her audience through proving how horrendous child labor is and calls them to action to rid America of it. Kelley also uses imagery to convince the audience that child labor is horrendous and should come to an end by vividly describing the working conditions that the child laborers go through and how young these workers truly are. She describes the children as, â€Å"just tall enough to reach the bobbins†, which brings to the audience’s mind an image of an innocent girl forced into working at such a young age. As she describes the harsh factory working conditions the children face, she points out, â€Å"the deafening noise of spindles and the looms spinning†. By using such descriptive imagery, Kelley transports the audience to the rooms where little children are suffering and working. Through placing these unforgettable images in her audience’s mind, she causes them to realize the unfairness and horror of child labor which they will never be able to forget. Another rhetorical device Kelley uses to convince her audience that child labor is a monstrosity is a repetition of certain phrases. Through repetition, Kelley pushes her words and facts into her audience’s head leaving them no room to deny the unfairness of child labor. Throughout her speech, Kelley repeatedly starts paragraphs with, â€Å"in (certain state)†. By doing this, she is able to state facts on child labor laws in certain states; showing that though there are laws on child labor, they are still extremely unreasonable and unfair. This shows the audience that child labor is very real and though they do not witness it, these kids make their items of comfort. She also repeats the phrase â€Å"while we sleep†. This repetition highlights that children work through the night, but more importantly, it implies that this occurs while everyone else is relaxing and sleeping soundly in their beds. By showing that children are forced to work extremely hard, the audience is left horrified. By utilizing repetition, Kelley successfully imprints the facts of child labor and its’ unfairness in the listener’s mind. In Kelley’s speech, she appeals to the audience’s conscience and emotions, paints vivid imagery, and uses repetition to call others to fight to end child labor as it is a horrendous occurrence.

Individual Project Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual Project Report - Essay Example However, we can expect some of the following demographic skews in our advertising: 1. Mostly people in America, Europe and Japan will be viewing. Many areas of the Third World have intermittent Internet access and bad bandwidth, so streaming video is difficult to imagine. 2. There will likely be an additional skewing towards white middle-class viewers. 3. People interested in our campaign will likely be people of around college-going age, 18-35, interested in upwardly mobile education and professional positions. They will likely be of middle-class backgrounds. Using YouTube to reach out to the market of people online is a brilliant move for a variety of reasons. 1. It is self-demonstrating. We will be showing people how to do online advertising while we are promoting a school that does online advertising. 2. The type of people who are likely to be interested in getting into online advertising and experienced with the type of social networks used to create viral marketing are the peop le watching YouTube videos. A recent Super Bowl ad had advertising executives discussing how to construct a commercial, with the commercial changing as they brainstormed. It was a funny, self-aware advertisement for a car that also satirized the advertising industry. Some videos in that vein could easily be produced and could be quite funny.

Nietzsche and The Meaningful Life Philosophy Essay

Nietzsche and The Meaningful Life Philosophy - Essay Example During the industrial revolution, the Western world engendered the new problem of individual existence in the world. This was based on the absurdity and alienation as portrayed in the sufferings of Etienne and Gervaise. People are still disturbed by the question of reasons of living and to find solutions on reasons of suffering. According to Friedrich Nietzsche, a German philosopher meaning of human suffering lies on ‘styling’ through ‘becoming’. He believes that people suffer because they are under a delusion that there exists inherent meaning in themselves and the world. He believes that life is based on contingency and only individuals can instil meanings to their lives. He disagrees with persons following a ‘herd’ and a standard moral conduct. In a pursuit to find meaning in life, one must be courageous and avoid indoctrination of social morals and values. Individuals should then go out to decide on what they want to become because there are no societal intrinsic morals that are permanently embedded in us.( Gravil, 72). Nietzsche in understanding this creates a theoretical argument called ‘eternal recurrence’. This is where individuals live there life in an exact manner over and over again. Having such life demands aesthetic, ones desire harmony and experiences. Through this concept, our life is nothingness and it’s our responsibility to assert meaning to it. For styling to take place, everyone must be contended and build their lives from that. He holds that those who are dissatisfied with life will never find happiness as they will always resent who they are. Nietzsche also proposes the argument that God is dead in his book ‘The Gay Science’. He believes that God remains dead and humans have killed him and no longer aides the survival of species instead he kills them. Nietzsche believes that he is the first to have discovered the death of God. He states that the idea of God lost its fu ll power and creative force.

Strategic management- coursework assessment 2014

Strategic management- assessment 2014 - Coursework Example In other words, it can be stated that business model helps in recognising the fundamental changes for innovation and deliver value to the people. Different business organisations implement business model to analyse the industry competitiveness and satisfy the stakeholders. In this essay three organisation have been taken into consideration in order to analyse their business models, which includes Google, Facebook and Samsung (Loewe, 2009). Google is a United States based leading multinational corporations, providing internet-based services across the globe. It is a leading search engine used by the people for rapid development and for enhancing the productivity. Google uses a strong business model for its smooth functioning driven with the objective of becoming one of the prominent sources of information for the people. The motive of the business model is to penetrate into the market with a strong growth rate for continuous revenue (Google, 2014). Facebook is another well-known social networking company, which is intended to increase the level of communication amid the people across the globe. The services provided by the social networking site include personal communication and promotional services. The business model of Facebook is to create ‘Multi-sided Platform’ in order to serve different customer segments (Facebook, 2014). On the contrary, Samsung is a leading brand providing various products and services to the people as per the market requirements. This is possible with help of the business model implemented by the company in order to increase the efficiency of the people (Samsung, 2014). Contextually, business model involves every aspect of a company’s approach in order to develop profitability and ensure delivering quality services to the customer for greater effectiveness in the long run. The objective for the implementation of the business model is to serve various segments of customers in order to provide

Science Fiction Films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Science Fiction Films - Essay Example Whether the impact was positive or negative cannot be gauged by its box-office success since high grossing films are not always high-quality films, and vice versa. Either way, what can be anticipated in a heavily promoted science fiction film are its spectacular action scenes, distinctive special effects, alien creatures and advanced technological gadgets, among others. A lot of times the creators of sci-fi movies somehow get carried away with the gadgets, technology, and special effects that oftentimes they fail to see that the whole plot of their movie just crumbles to the ground. In effect, there is not much substance that the viewer absorbs but a mere recollection of chaotic data once the viewer leaves the theater. Science Fiction Defined Before proceeding, it would help to define the word science fiction. What does Science fiction really mean? It is said that the term â€Å"science fiction† is an oxymoron because â€Å"Science is the study and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena in an orderly way, but fiction is something that is created or imaginary.† (Bromiley, n.d.) Thus, being contradictory terms, science can play an essential role in creating the fictional work of art by giving it more rationality, and making the facts more believable, and therefore more realistic. In terms of film, science fiction films are often subjected to close scrutiny especially since movies in this genre are frequently popular, usually hyped-up, and are generally about contemporary topics of interest. Hence the movie 2012 was shown in November 2009 due to the popular topic then about the so called ‘End of the World’ prophecy on the Mayan calendar, the movie In Time was shown just recently linking man’s fixed lifespan to the population explosion and other related issues, and the film Source Code brings to fore the plausible reality of exploring and manipulating man’s mind for the government’s top secret operations. A lot of the ideas in these films are imaginary, but the future is vast and anything is possible with technology so either field—science and media—can pick up gems of thought from these film accomplishments. Tips to Find a Good Sci-Fi Movie Now, despite the sci-fi genius among most of the creators of these movies, in most cases, science fiction films are not always commendable. There have been classic science fiction films which are frequently cited for being realistic, credible and praiseworthy and Jurassic Park is one film which has achieved such stature. However, on the whole, there have been more misses than hits among the great sci-fi movies. Here are some principles to follow in checking if a sci-fi movie is great or not (What Makes for a Good Science Fiction Movie?, 2008): 1. The technology in the movie extrapolates from but does not violate known scientific principles. This of course is hard science fiction. 2. When known scientific principles are violated the movie explains why and how. 3. When known scientific principles are violated without explanation, the movie follows popular science fiction conventions. These principles are not fixed but they can give an individual a yardstick by which to gauge the kind of film one is dealing with. The Misplaced

National Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

National Security - Essay Example According to the discussion findings the term terrorism is politically and psychologically charged, and this to a great extent compounds the complicatedness of providing an accurate definition. In 1988, one study by the US Army established that over hundred definitions of the utterance terrorism have been used. A person who applies terrorism is a terrorist. The idea of terrorism is itself contentious for the reason that it is frequently used by states to delegitimise political adversary, and hence legitimize the state's own employ of terror adjacent to those opponents. As the paper declares terrorism has been second-hand by a wide array of political organizations in getting more to their objectives; together right and left-wing political parties, patriotic, and holy groups, innovative and ruling governments. The occurrence of non-state performers in widespread-armed clash has created hullabaloo regarding the submission of the laws of war. Despite the fact that acts of terror campaign are criminal acts as for each the United Nations Security Council Resolution and domestic jurisprudence of approximately all countries in the world, terrorism refers to an observable fact including the definite acts, the perpetrators of acts of bombing and their intentions. Terror is from a Latin word that means ‘to frighten’. The terror was a panic and condition of emergency in Rome in reaction to the approach of warriors of the tribe of Cimbri in 105BC. The Jacobins cited this approach when he imposed a Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. The w ord terrorist became a word of abuse after the Jacobins lost power. Even though the Reign of Terror was being imposed by a government, in modern times terrorism normally is referred to the killing of innocent people by a group in such a manner as to manufacture a media spectacle. In 1869Nechayev made the Russian terrorist group People's Retribution. A United Nations Security Council report stated in November 2004: 'Terrorism as any act intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act'. History of Terrorism The word "terrorism" was at first used to explain the actions of the Jacobin Club throughout the "Reign of Terror" in the French revolt. Edmund Burke criticized the Jacobins for letting thousands of persons hell hounds called terrorists movable upon the people of France in 1795. Italian patriot Felice Orsini heaves three bombs in an attempt to assassinate French Emperor Napoleon III in January 1858. Eight eyewitnesses were killed and 142 injured. The event played a vital role as an encouragement for the expansion of the early Russian terrorist

Corporate Communications Strategies Research Paper - 1

Corporate Communications Strategies - Research Paper Example c as well as important definitions of key terms in the paper such as corporate communication, corporate reputation, corporate ability (CAb), and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This section of the paper will analyze and discuss three corporate communication strategies that are focused on the goals that organizations aim to meet and which are based on Kim and Rader (2010) and Kim (2011) works. 2.12 Corporate social responsibility focused strategy – this section analyses the CSR strategy in corporate communications focusing on how it emphasizes organizational goals as well as comparing with CAb strategy to evaluate which is more dominant and effective. Organizations have multiple stakeholders with whom their relationships need to be effectively managed with corporate communication being both responsive and effective to these stakeholders. Various communication functions and channels fulfill specific organizational objectives which aim to attain overall strategic impact to an organization’s goals. This section evaluates these communication functions, the various objectives that they seek to meet, the channels of communication used to dispense communication as well as those targeted by such communication. 2.21 Media Relations –this section evaluates the media relations communication function, the objectives of media relation in an organization, the channels used to complete the communication function as well as the organizational stakeholders targeted. 2.22 Employee communications – this section evaluates the employee communications function, the objectives of employee communication in an organization, the channels used to complete the communication function as well as the organizational stakeholders targeted. 2.23 Marketing Communications - this section evaluates the marketing communications function, the objectives of marketing communication in an organization, the channels used to complete the communication function as well as the organizational

Pivotal Decades Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pivotal Decades - Essay Example Another advancement was the development of wireless communication, which a number of things. The most common and influential was the development of mobile telephony, which made communication easier. Another notable technological advancement was the development of the computers into more usable machines. The assimilation of computers into the economic and educational sector proved crucial as it made things easier. The supermarkets could have automated point of sales and companies had systems to run their errands such as marketing, running analysis and giving future predictions. In the education sector, computers were used for experimental purposes, management and administrative use. The period between 1900 and 1920 were of immense significance to the future of America. The great advancements in technology have assisted us to be at the current economic status with developed countires.. It is because of the above advancements, that we have better lives compared to the lives we lived 30 decades ago. we can, therefore, conclude that the decades were

In what ways does the environment appear to shape organisations Essay

In what ways does the environment appear to shape organisations - Essay Example Political stability and civilized social culture are some other environmental factors; organizations are looking for before investing in a country. Most of the African countries are infamous for the internal agitations and political instability. Such countries are incapable of attracting foreign direct investment because of the negative environment they possess for the business build up. In short, healthy environment is essential for organizations to cement their bases and strategies. Business Psychology is one of the rapidly developing business segments in which the psychology of the employees, and the environmental parameters (customers, society and other stakeholders) are comprehensively investigated. Proper awareness of psychological dimensions of the environment can help the organization immensely in advertising, public relations and the way in which the organization visualise its customers and in the management of organization- employee relationships. This paper briefly explains the environmental impacts on organizations. Musacco Ph.D (2009) has argued that harassment, mobbing, bullying, and emotional abuses are common at the workplaces which resulted in increased fear and minimal trust between workers (Musacco Ph.D, 2009, p.2). No two individuals are alike either in their physical appearance or in their behaviours. An organization is a place where different people from different social, economical, cultural, communal and political backgrounds are working together. These people may have extremely different attitudes and characters. Even though they are working for the same organization, it is difficult for them to leave all their individual differences outside the organization and work for the common objectives inside the organization. Different opinions and views may occur between workers which may often result in harassment, mobbing, bullying, and emotional

American revolution Essay Example for Free

American revolution Essay Title The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which rebel colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America. This was the first time a colony had rebelled and successfully asserted its rights to self-government and nationhood. This inspired many European nations and colonies to revolt. For the longest time, I have been led to believe that the American Revolution was the most glorious war of all American time period. However, at the consummation of American Revolution unit, my perception of the war had drastically altered. Not everyone wanted to fight; in fact, it was mostly the upper class trying to persuade the lower class to fight while the elite could buy their way out. According to Give me liberty book charpter 5, historian Foner thought Americna Revolution is a revolution about independence and freedom for maybe all of the races and classes of America. Most Americans understand the history of their freedom in an uncomplicated way: the Founding Fathers laid down principles of American liberty that their descendants have been applying ever since, steadily augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people of all colors everywhere, as Abraham Lincoln said. Eric Foner disagrees. The story of American freedom, he says, is not simply a saga of a fixed set of rights to which one group after another has gained access, but a tale of debates, disagreements and struggles with lots of bumps and wrong turns along the way. Moreover, American freedom itself is not a single idea but a complex of values that have changed over time, taking on meanings unknown to Jefferson and his contemporaries. Yet freedom, he says, provides a unifying thread for our national experience. Also Foner explains some of the ways in which the Revolution was a turning point for American slavery: The war created new opportunities for slaves to become free. American revolution definitely a representative event of seeking freedom and independence in all period of American history. But other historian or  people might question it, is that a truly revolution for all of Amerian? In other word, is this celebrated revolution considered entirely the right and profit as it claimed? Compares to Foners i dea of American revolution, historian Howard Zinn published article The untold truths about American Revolution , which he thinks American Revolution is not truly revolutionary and â€Å"This is a good cause† to independence from England and let people immediately jump to deserves a war.† He thinks that the revolution it was run not by the farmers but by the Founding Fathers. The farmers were rather poor; the Founding Fathers were rather rich. So over all of his tendentious opinion in this article, he thinks ths revolution is not benifit for all of races or classes. As he said when you look at the American Revolution, there’s a fact that you have to take into consideration. Indians—no, Indians didn’t benefit. , Did blacks benefit from the American Revolution? Slavery was there before. Slavery was there after. Not only that, we wrote slavery into the Constitution. We legitimized it. All of this opinion pointed out the one conclusion The American Revolution was not a simple affair of all of us against all of them. And not everyone thought they would benefit from the Revolution. And he also quotes a Carl Degler in the â€Å"A Kind of Revolution† of his book A People’s History of the United States: No new social class came to power through the door of the American Revolution. The men who engineered the revolt were largely m embers of the colonial ruling class. George Washington was the richest man in America. John Hancock was a prosperous Boston merchant. Benjamin Franklin was a wealthy printer. And so on. According his article and his opinion so we can say it that the American Revolution is not truly revolutionary at least for me because there is not everyone was benfited from the war and the result of the revolution didnt consider all races and classes as they claimed. Following the conclusion of the Revolution, no new social classes were formed: not even the smallest fraction of the poor became wealthy, and there was not even the slightest bit of social reform—the conditions that existed prior to the war were reinstated after the war. After all this is what the wealthy wanted. The members of the upper class threw around words like â€Å"liberty and equality† in order to excite the lower class just enough so that they would fight in a war. Furthermore, according to Zinn, the members of the upper class wanted to accomplish this  Ã¢â‚¬Å"without ending either slavery or inequality† because if either of those two things ceased to exist, then the upper class would lose its wealth and its power—two things that were very much valued by the establishment and elite. Moreover, both before and after the said â€Å"American Revolution,† the wealthy—the top five percent or so of the nation—ruled the other ninety percent of the people. Edmund S. Morgan states in his book The Birth of the Republic that â€Å"The Constitution†¦represented a reaction†¦engineered by the rich and well-born,† Not only the upper class people ruled the war, but also the non-power class didnt have any change after the revolution comparesto what they thought before. After studying the American Revolution I have recognized the significant evidence supporting the view that the American Revolution was not a truly revolution at all because the rich remained rich, the poor remained poor, the government remained in favor of those with more wealth, and those in power remained in power.

Structure Of Retail Sector In India

Structure Of Retail Sector In India Abstract Despite the ongoing wave of incessant liberalization and globalization, the Indian retail sector is still aloof from progressive and ostentatious development. This dismal situation of the retail sector undoubtedly stems from the absence of a Foreign Direct Investment (hereinafter referred as FDI) encouraging policy in the Indian retail sector. In this context, attempts have been made to study the strategic issues concerning the structure of Indian retail sector, current FDI policy and its limitation. Moreover, the latest move of the government to allow 51% FDI in multi-brand retail in India and increasing the FDI limit in single brand retail in India to 100% (from the existing 51%) is facing opposition which has raised significant hurdles for effective implementation of the reforms. FDI in retail has been opposed citing fears of loss of employment and that traditional retail may be affected. However, adherents of the same indicate easy access to capital for domestic retailers, increa sed transfer of technology, enhanced supply chain efficiencies, increased employment opportunities and curtailment of inflation as the perceived benefits. By analysis of the debate thats raging over opening the retail sector to FDI it is pointed out that opening up of FDI in retail in India could potentially be a mixed blessing for domestic players and negative impact if any is expected to be short-lived and to weaken over time. Also, the advantages of allowing unrestrained FDI in the retail sector evidently outweigh the disadvantages attached to it. Though its time for opening the door for FDI in retail the same should be treaded cautiously and the proliferation of foreign capital into retailing needs to be anchored in such a way that it results in a win-win situation for India. Introduction The retail industry comprising of organized and unorganized sectors is of late often being hailed as one of the fastest growing sectors in India. According to the Investment Commission of India, the retail sector is expected to grow almost three times its current levels to $660 billion by 2015. Though initially, the retail industry in India was mostly unorganized, however with the change of tastes and preferences of the consumers, the industry is getting more popular these days and getting organized as well. The Indian retail sector is ready to take on challenges from global retail players such as Wal-mart and Carrefour. Recently, to encourage the organized retailing in the country government decided to allow 51% FDI in multi brand retail and 100% in single brand retail in November, 2011.While this long awaited approval, come as a relief to many organised retailers and foreign players, oppositions from state government, political parties etc., raises significant hurdles for effective implementation of the reforms. Structure Of Retail Sector In India Before we go into the intricacies of the issue we must know what retail means and what the structure of retail sector in India is. Retailing can be said to be the interface between the producer and the individual consumer buying for personal consumption. This excludes direct interface between the manufacturer and institutional buyers such as the government and other bulk customers. Retailing is the last link that connects the individual consumer with the manufacturing and distribution chain. A retailer is involved in the act of selling goods to the individual consumer at a margin of profit.  [1]  Also, the High Court of Delhi  [2]  defined the term retail as a sale for final consumption in contrast to a sale for further sale or processing (i.e. wholesale). The retail industry in India is divided into organised and unorganised sectors. Organised retailing refers to trading activities undertaken by licensed retailers, that is, those who are registered for sales tax, income tax, etc. These include the corporate-backed hypermarkets and retail chains, and also the privately owned large retail businesses. Unorganised retailing, on the other hand, refers to the traditional formats of low-cost retailing, for example, the local kirana shops, owner manned general stores, paan/beedi shops, convenience stores, hand cart and pavement vendors, etc. Unorganized retailing is by far the prevalent form of trade in India.  [3]   Current Fdi Scenario With Respect To Retail In India The advent of FDI in India was witnessed during the end of 1990s when the Indian national government announced a number of reforms which aimed at helping in the process of liberalization and deregulation of the Indian economy.  [4]   FDI in Single- Brand Retailing was, permitted in 2006, to the extent of 51%. Since then, a total of 94 proposals have been received till May, 2010. Of this, 57 proposals were approved. The proposals received and approved related to retail trading of sportswear, luxury goods, apparel, fashion clothing, jewellery, hand bags, lifestyle products etc., covering high-end items. FDI in cash and carry wholesale trading was first permitted, to the extent of 100%, under the Government approval route, in 1997. It was brought under the automatic route in 2006. But, FDI in Multi-Brand retailing is prohibited.  [5]   Limitation Of Present Setup Limitation in the present scenario calls for relaxation of FDI norms. These limitations are as follows: Infrastructure There has been a lack of investment in the logistics of the retail chain, leading to an inefficient market mechanism. Though India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables (about 180 million MT), it has a very limited integrated cold-chain infrastructure, with only 5386 stand-alone cold storages, having a total capacity of 23.6 million MT. , 80% of this is used only for potatoes. The chain is highly fragmented and hence, perishable horticultural commodities find it difficult to link to distant markets, including overseas markets, round the year. Storage infrastructure is necessary for carrying over the agricultural produce from production periods to the rest of the year and to prevent distress sales.  [6]   Lack of adequate storage facilities cause heavy losses to farmers in terms of wastage in quality and quantity of produce in general.  [7]  Though FDI is permitted in cold-chain to the extent of 100%, through the automatic route, in the absence of FDI in reta iling; FDI flow to the sector has not been significant. Intermediaries dominate the value chain Intermediaries often flout mandi norms and their pricing lacks transparency. Wholesale regulated markets, governed by State APMC Acts, have developed a monopolistic and non-transparent character. According to some reports, Indian farmers realize only 1/3rd of the total price paid by the final consumer, as against 2/3rd by farmers in nations with a higher share of organized retail.  [8]   Improper Public Distribution System (PDS) There is a big question mark on the efficacy of the public procurement and PDS set-up and the bill on food subsidies is rising. In spite of such heavy subsidies, overall food based inflation has been a matter of great concern. The absence of a farm-to-fork retail supply system has led to the ultimate customers paying a premium for shortages and a charge for wastages.  [9]   No Global Reach The Micro Small Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector has also suffered due to lack of branding and lack of avenues to reach out to the vast world markets. While India has continued to provide emphasis on the development of MSME sector, the share of unorganised sector in overall manufacturing has declined from 34.5% in 1999-2000 to 30.3% in 2007-08  [10]  .This has largely been due to the inability of this sector to access latest technology and improve its marketing interface. Prospected Changes In Fdi Policy For Retail Sector In India Recently in July 2010, the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) had put up a discussion paper proposing FDI in multi brand retail. In July 2011, a Committee of Secretaries (CoS) had cleared the proposal to allow upto 51% FDI in multi-brand retail and increasing the FDI limit in single brand retail to 100%, which has been approved by the Union Cabinet in November 2011, albeit with a few drivers  [11]  . These drivers in bill are as follows: For multi-brand retail- Minimum investment of US$ 100 million by the foreign investor is required and atleast 50% of the investment by the foreign company to be in back-end infrastructure. The proposal restricts the location of stores to cities with a population of one million or more (53 cities as per 2011 Census); given constraints around real estate, retailers are allowed to set up stores within 10 km of such cities. Also, at least 30% of manufactured items procured should be through domestic small and medium enterprises (SMEs). While the proposals on FDI will be sanctioned by the Centre, approvals from each State Government would be required. For single brand retail- While allowing FDI limit in single brand retail to 100% with government approval, some restriction is again laid down. The foreign investors are to be an owner of the brand and products to be sold should be of a single brand only. Also, in respect of proposals involving FDI beyond 51%, 30% sourcing would mandatorily have to be done from domestic SMEs and cottage industries artisans and craftsmen. Further, like in multi-brand retail state government approval is needed. But, the mounting opposition by several political parties and State Governments has prevented the effective implementation of the key reform measure. Challenges For Foreign Firms In Organized Retail In India The first challenge is competition from the unorganized sector. Traditional retailing has been established in India for many centuries, and is characterized by small, family-owned operations. Because of this, such businesses are usually very low-margin, are owner-operated, and have mostly negligible real estate and labor costs. Moreover, they also pay little by way of taxes. Consumer familiarity that runs from generation to generation is one big advantage for the traditional retailing sector. It is often said that the mom-and-pop store in India is more like a father-and-son enterprise. Such small shops develop strong networks with local neighbourhoods. The informal system of credit adds to their attractiveness, with many houses running up a tab with their neighbourhood kirana store, paying it off every fortnight or month. Moreover, low labor costs also allow shops to employ delivery boys, such that consumers may order their grocery list directly on the phone. These advantages are sig nificant, though hard to quantify. In contrast, players in the organized sector have to cover big fixed costs, and yet have to keep prices low enough to be able to compete with the traditional sector. Getting customers to switch their purchasing away from small neighbourhood shops and towards large-scale retailers may be a major challenge. The other major challenge for retailers in India, as opposed to the US, is the storage setup of households. For the large-scale retail model to work, consumers visit such large stores and return with supplies likely to last them for a few weeks. Having such easy access to neighbourhood stores with whom, as discussed above, it is possible to have a line of credit and easy delivery service, congested urban living conditions imply that few Indian households might be equipped with adequate storage facilities. Concerns Causing Roadblock In Implementation Of Relaxed Fdi Norms History has witnessed that the concern of allowing unrestrained FDI flows in the retail sector has never been free from controversies and simultaneously has been an issue for unsuccessful deliberation ever since the advent of FDI in India. The recent proposal for relaxation of FDI norm is also facing the same challenges and opposition creating roadblock for implementation of suggested reforms. The antagonists of FDI in retail sector oppose the same on various grounds which are as follows: Move will lead to large-scale job losses.  [12]  International experience shows supermarkets invariably displace small retailers. Small retail has virtually been wiped out in developed countries like the US and in Europe. South East Asian countries had to impose stringent zoning and licensing regulations to restrict growth of supermarkets after small retailers were getting displaced. India has the highest shopping density in the world with 11 shops per 1,000 people. It has 1.2 crore shops employing over 4 crore people; 95% of these are small shops run by self-employed people. Adverse impact on domestic small and unorganized retailers as the move would lead to unfair competition and ultimately result in large-scale exit of domestic retailers, especially the small family managed outlets.  [13]   Global retail giants will resort to predatory pricing to create monopoly/oligopoly. This can result in essentials, including food supplies, being controlled by foreign organizations.  [14]   Disintegration of established supply chains by establishment of monopolies of global retail chains, leading to their control on both ends of the supply chain.  [15]   Farmers to get affected on account of non-remunerative prices paid to them by these corporate giants.  [16]   Key Perceived Benefits In spite of the recent developments in retailing and its immense contribution to the economy, it still continues to be the least evolved industries and the growth of organised retailing in India has been much slower as compared to rest of the world. Over a period of 10 years, the share of organised retailing in total retailing has grown from 10 per cent to 40 percent in Brazil and 20 percent in China, while in India it is only 2 per cent (between 1995-2005).  [17]  One important reason for this is that retailing is one of the few sectors where foreign direct investment is not healthily and liberally allowed. Given this backdrop, it is widely acknowledged by the advocators of the reform that FDI can have some positive results on the economy, triggering a series of reactions that in the long run can lead to greater efficiency and improvement of living standards, apart from greater integration into the global economy.  [18]  Some of the benefits claimed by implementing FDI in re tail sector are as follows  [19]  : These would enable cash-starved domestic retailers to deleverage their overly stretched balance sheets by plugging the gap between capital required for growth and the ability of local players to raise capital. Local incumbents will be benefited from technical inputs, investments in supply chain, and investments in human capital. There could be a potential shift in bargaining power of these retailers with FMCG companies (at present, large FMCG players are better positioned vis-à  -vis retailers in discussing terms of trade) once these retailers become large and attain size and scale. Improvement of supply chain/ distribution efficiencies, coupled with capacity building and induction of modern technology, which will help arrest wastages (in the present scenario, lack of investment in logistics and inadequate storage facilities have been creating inefficiencies in the food supply chain, leading to significant wastages). Though FDI is permitted in cold chains to the extent of 100% through the automatic route, in the absence of FDI in front-end retail, investment flows into this sector have been insignificant. The move to open up retail sector to FDI will reduce inflationary pressures as : Farmers will be able to directly sell their produce to retailers, thereby reducing margins for middlemen. Investments in cold-storage and warehousing will ease supply-side pressures that have driven inflation close to a double-digit. Improved supply chain contributes to savings in food wastages which has been rampant on account of inadequate infrastructure. Further, consumers would also benefit from wider choices and better quality products.  [20]   Improvement in productivity and realizations for farmers through direct sales to these large organised players, thus eliminating the margins outflow to the middle-men who have been dominating the value chain, and whose pricing lacks transparency. The opening of the sector to FDI is expected to result in creation of over 10 million jobs (including 6 million jobs in the logistics sector alone) in three years, across agro-processing, sorting, marketing, logistic management and the front-end retail business. Expectations are that it would create jobs not only in the retail industry but also in related areas like real estate and construction. Consumer Benefit In the fierce battle between the advocators and antagonist of unrestrained FDI flows in the Indian retail sector, the interests of the consumers have been blatantly and utterly disregarded. Therefore, one of the arguments which inevitably needs to be considered and addressed while deliberating upon the captioned issue is the interests of consumers at large in relation to the interests of retailers.  [21]   In wake of relentless protests for the opening up of the Indian retail market for the reception of unrestrained FDI, the Investment Commission in July, 2006, opined that that foreign investment would help in improving the retail and supply chain infrastructure, and generate large-scale employment in the country. In addition, the Indian retailers could absorb some of the best operational practices of these international retailers and gain in experience. Ultimately, the consumers would benefit due to the availability of more product offerings, lower prices, and efficient service. The entry of large low-cost retailers and adoption of integrated supply chain management by them is likely to lower down the prices. Also, FDI in retailing can easily assure the quality of product, better shopping experience and customer services. They promote the linkage of local suppliers, farmers and manufacturers, no doubt only those who can meet the quality and safety standards, to global market and this will ensure a reliable and profitable market to these local players.  [22]   Also, from the stand point of consumers, organized retailing would help reduce the problem of adulteration, short weighing and substandard goods. FDI will not just provide access to larger financial resources for investment in the retail sector but simultaneously will rationally allow larger supermarkets, which tend to become regional and national chains to negotiate prices more aggressively with manufacturers of consumer goods and thus pass on the benefit to consumers and to lay down better and tighter quality standards and ensure that manufacturers adhere to them.  [23]   Authors View In principle, governments should not prevent anybody, Indian or foreign, from setting up any business unless there are very good reasons to do so. Hence, unless it can be shown that FDI in retail will do more harm than good for the economy, it should be allowed. Authors are of view that concern raised by opponents is exaggerated. Opening up of FDI as per reform in India could potentially be a mixed blessing for domestic players and negative impact if any is expected to be short-lived and to weaken over time. A major argument given by opponents of FDI in retail is that there will be major job losses. Frankly, the jury is out on whether this is the case or not, with different studies claiming different findings. Big retail chains are actually going to hire a lot of people. So, in the short run, there will be a spurt in jobs. Eventually, theres likely to be a redistribution of jobs with some drying up (like that of middlemen) and some new ones sprouting up. Infact, the government has added an element of social benefit to its latest plan for calibrated opening of the multi-brand retail sector to foreign direct investment (FDI). Only those foreign retailers who first invest in the back-end supply chain and infrastructure would be allowed to set up multi brand retail outlets in the country. The whole idea is that the firms must have already created jobs for rural India before they venture into multi-brand retailing. Also, fears of small shopkeepers getting displaced are vastly exaggerated. Whe n domestic majors were allowed to invest in retail, both supermarket chains and neighbourhood pop-and-mom stores coexisted. Its not going to be any different when FDI according to the reform is allowed. It is also pertinent to note here that that with the possible advent of unrestrained FDI flows in retail market, the interests of the retailers constituting the unorganized retail sector will not be gravely undermined  [24]  , since nobody can force a consumer to visit a mega shopping complex or a small retailer/sabji mandi. Consumers will shop in accordance with their utmost convenience, where ever they get the lowest price, max variety, and a good consumer experience. The argument that farmers will suffer once global retail has developed a virtual monopoly is also weak. To begin with, its very unlikely that global retail will ever become monopolies. Stores like Wal-Mart or Tesco are by definition few, on the outskirts of cities (to keep real estate costs low), and cant intrude into the territory of local kiranas. So, how will they gobble up the local stores. Mega retail chains will keep price points low and attractive thats the USP of their business. This is done by smart procurement and inventory management: Good practices from which Indian retail can also learn. The benefits of larger FDI in other sector has been tangibly felt in the domains pertaining to technological advancements, generation of export, production improvements, and hastening of manufacturing employment. Capital inflow into India has increased and so have the exports from the country. Allowing healthy FDI in the retail sector would not only lead to a substantial surge in the countrys GDP and overall economic development, but would inter alia also help in integrating the Indian retail market with that of the global retail market in addition to providing not just employment but a better paying employment, which the unorganized sector (kirana and other small time retailing shops) have undoubtedly failed to provide to the masses employed in them. Apart from this, by allowing FDI in retail trade, India will significantly flourish in terms of quality standards and consumer expectations, since the inflow of FDI in retail sector is bound to pull up the quality standards and cost-com petitiveness of Indian producers in all the segments. Further, with regard to the concern raised about limit of cap for FDI in multi- branding authors would like to highlight that Industrial organisations such as CII  [25]  , FICCI, US-India Business Council (USIBC), the American Chamber of Commerce in India, The Retail Association of India (RAI) and Shopping Centers Association of India (a 44 member association of Indian multi-brand retailers and shopping malls) favour a phased approach toward liberalising FDI in multi-brand retailing, and most of them agree with considering a cap of 49-51 per cent to start with. RECOMMENDATION FDI in multi-brand retailing must be dealt cautiously as it has direct impact on a large chunk of population.  [26]  Left alone foreign capital will seek ways through which it can only multiply itself, and unthinking application of capital for profit, given our peculiar socio-economic conditions, may spell doom and deepen the gap between the rich and the poor. Thus the proliferation of foreign capital into multi-brand retailing needs to be anchored in such a way that it results in a win-win situation for India. Therefore, apart from the drivers incorporated in the bill negative effect if any can be further diluted and given below are the recommendation for the same: Reconstituting the poverty stricken and stagnating rural sphere into a forward moving and prosperous rural sphere can be one of the justifications for introducing FDI in multi-brand retailing. To actualize this goal it can be stipulated that at least some percentage of the jobs in the retail outlet should be reserved for rural youth and that a certain amount of farm produce be procured from the poor farmers. Public Distribution System is still in many ways the life line of the people living below the poverty line. To ensure that the system is not weakened the government may reserve the right to procure a certain amount of food grains for replenishing the buffer. To protect the interest of small retailers the government may also put in place an exclusive regulatory framework. It will ensure that the retailing giants do resort to predatory pricing or acquire monopolistic tendencies. Besides, the government and RBI need to evolve suitable policies to enable the retailers in the unorganized sector to expand and improve their efficiencies.  [27]   A National Commission must be established to study the problems of the retail sector and to evolve policies that will enable it to cope with FDI- as and when it comes. The proposed National Commission should evolve a clear set of conditionalities on giant foreign retailers on the procurement of farm produce, domestically manufactured merchandise and imported goods. These conditionalities must be aimed at encouraging the purchase of goods in the domestic market, state the minimum space, size and specify details like, construction and storage standards, the ratio of floor space to parking space etc. Giant shopping centres must not add to our existing urban snarl.  [28]   In order to address the dislocation issue, it becomes imperative to develop and improve the manufacturing sector in India. There has been a substantial fall in employment by the manufacturing sector, to the extent of 4.06 lakhs over the period 1998 to 2001, while its contribution to the GDP has grown at an average rate of only 3.7%.  [29]   The government must actively encourage setting up of co-operative stores to procure and stock their consumer goods and commodities from small producers. This will address the dual problem of limited promotion and marketing ability, as well as market penetration for the retailer. The government can also facilitate the setting up of warehousing units and cold chains, thereby lowering the capital costs for the small retailers. Set up an Agricultural Perishable Produce Commission (APPC), to ensure that procurement prices for perishable commodities are fair to farmers and that they are not distorted with relation to market prices. Quality regulation, certification price administration bodies can be created at district and lower levels for upgrading the technical and human interface in the rural to urban supply chain. Credit availability for retail traders must be encouraged with a view to enhancing employment and higher utilization of fixed assets. This would lead to less wastage (India has currently the highest wastage in the world) of perishables, enhance nutritional status of producers and increase caloric availability. CONCLUSION Indias retail sector remains off-limits to large international chains especially in multi-brand retailing. A number of concerns have been raised about opening up the retail sector to FDI in India. But, after in depth study it can be safely contended that the advantages of allowing unrestrained FDI in the retail sector evidently outweigh the disadvantages attached to it. While initially the small indigenous retailers business would be impacted once modern retail enters the locality, this adverse impact is expected to be short-lived and to weaken over time. Indias experience between 1990-2010, particularly in the telecommunications and IT industries, showcases the various benefits of opening the door to large-scale investments in these sectors. Arguably, it is now the turn of retail. It is expected that organized retail could help tackle inflation, particularly with wholesale prices. It is also expected that technical know-how from foreign firms, such as warehousing technologies and distribution systems, for example, will lend itself to improving the supply chain in India, especially for agricultural produce. Creating better linkages between demand and supply also has the potential to improve the price signals that farmers receiv

Ethical Healthcare Practices in Bangladesh

Ethical Healthcare Practices in Bangladesh Description: Therapeutic decorum is the shared connection between individuals from the restorative calling. At the end of the day, it is a feeling of kindness and regard, which ought to represent the lead of and relationship among the individuals from the medicinal calling. In Bangladesh, restorative specialists have generally appreciated the most astounding admiration among various callings. Propels in medicinal and wellbeing sciences and their being highlighted in the broad communications have made individuals such a great amount of cognizant about their wellbeing and wellbeing rights. Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council is the body to manage the lead of the Medical Professionals of  Bangladesh. After graduation they need to enroll themselves with the committee. They need to consent to maintain the codes of statement. The therapeutic practice in Bangladesh is represented by enactment and medicinal laws, which are upheld by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Healing facilities, cente rs and indicative focuses are additionally administered by government directions. Doctors play out their expert work in similarity with these controls. Be that as it may, requirement of these demonstrations or laws does not appear to happen all the time. Current Situation: Human rights activists and the Consumer Association of Bangladesh are additionally making individuals mindful about their wellbeing rights. They are presently worried about the medicinal services offices accessible in centers and healing facilities and what they get from individual specialists. They are notwithstanding scrutinizing the cost of medicinal services. The desires of individuals are expanding. Instances of carelessness and misbehavior with respect to doctors are being conveyed to courts with the outcome that expert associations, for example, the Bangladesh Medical Association and its individuals are getting to be plainly aware of their set of accepted rules and moral conduct. At present Bangladesh is experiencing a social change, monetary development and expanding uniqueness, broadening of crevice amongst poor and rich, expanding education, strengthening of ladies, expanded wellbeing mindfulness, expanding future, diminishing baby mortality and maternal mortality. There is a change of way of life of the general population and family progression, wellbeing looking for conduct, change of data innovation and quick urbanization. These are the difficulties in the wellbeing administration. In Bangladesh, both people in general and private segments give therapeutic administrations. Out in the open area there are shortcomings of pleasantries and beds. It is stuffed and the doctors need to confront the moral quandary in their decision of treatment and need. In private part it is expensive and past the compass of destitute individuals. There is an absence of good observing and legitimate laws. Whats more, headways in transplantation and helped propagation require new directions of restorative morals. In showing Medical Ethics provincial legacy is being taken after. It is educated in the bureau of legal solution accentuating carelessness and negligence; yet restorative understudies for the most part take after the expert direct of their seniors instead of learning through reading material and class guidelines. It is the ideal opportunity for rebuilding the rules of therapeutic morals and fuses them in the undergrad restorative educational modules, fortifying the Medical Council, sharpening the doctors and overhauling the important laws. The primary issue in the instructing of morals is that instructors have little information about restorative morals, decorum and set of principles. Likewise, therapeutic understudies dont have much enthusiasm for finding out about medicinal morals as they view different subjects as more vital for qualifying the examination. In addition, proficient lead and behavior are learnt by perception as opposed to through the perusing of books. To create mindfulness about moral qualities among understudies, more significance ought to be given to the instructing of medicinal morals. More accentuation ought to be given to the improvement of understudies state of mind in the course educational modules of medicinal morals with the goal that they can pick up and soak up information about moral practice. It ought to be the obligation of every single proficient association to maintain the guideline of restorative morals and expert lead. The BMDC, the Nursing Council, the Pharmacy Council and the State Medical Faculty ought to be fortified to empower them to screen wellbeing instruction and wellbeing administrations with the goal that individuals can get ideal care from specialists and government wellbeing administrations. Wellbeing organizers, policymakers and implementers ought to offer need to moral issues in medicinal and partnered instruction and in addition therapeutic practice. They ought to give specialized support to medicinal organizations so they can create and actualize a coordinated educational modules for the instructing of morals. A few variables can be forced all together prompt a superior moral condition in the medicinal business: Students rarely find a role model among their teachers for ethical practice. Penalization in case of misconduct can enforce the code of conduct strictly needs to be followed Integrated teaching of ethics in clinical years can be a better setting A structured curriculum for the teaching of ethics needs to be prepared for health professionals, including medical students and doctors. The nature of MNH care is poor in area and sub-region clinics in Bangladesh on account of an absence of human services work force and strategic support, including gear, fundamental medications, and lab needs. This data could be utilized to fortify the national-level approach for enhancing the nature of MNH care at the offices. In each kind of open clinic in Bangladesh, there range settled number of human services work force and a settled measure of calculated support, as determined by the GoB. Be that as it may, the number of inhabitants in each region or sub-area is not the same. In this way, an adjustment in the approach is required to guarantee the appropriation of human services staff and strategic support ought to be proportionate to populace of the area or sub-region. In our review, it was additionally uncovered that human services suppliers were disappointed with their nature of care; nonetheless, the greater part of their patients were happy with their level of care. This is mostly in light of the fact that the patients were ignorant of their wellbeing rights. A mindfulness raising movement ought to be propelled to teach patients that it is their entitlement to get quality care.

Trauma and Adult Learning Essay -- Adult Education Learning Essays

Trauma and Adult Learning Effects of Trauma on Learning Adults experiencing the effects of past or current trauma may display such symptoms as difficulty beginning new tasks, blame, guilt, concern for safety, depression, inability to trust (especially those in power), fear of risk taking, disturbed sleep, eroded self-esteem/confidence, inability to concentrate, or panic attacks (Mojab and McDonald 2001). Some people may manifest no symptoms; at the other end of the spectrum is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, characterized by flashbacks, avoidance, numbing of responsiveness (including substance abuse), persistent expectation of danger, constriction (dissociation, zoning out), and memory impairment (Isserlis 2001). It may not be readily apparent that a learner is experiencing the effects of trauma. Instead, such manifestations as missing class, avoiding tests, spacing out, and having what may be interpreted as inappropriate or extreme reactions to class discussions or activities may actually be responses to trauma. It is true that learning may be impeded by fear, anxiety, poor concentration, and the enormous energy involved in hiding abuse or struggling with immediate survival needs. However, interpretations of trauma and its effects on learning are shaped by education discourses (Horsman 1997, 2000b; Isserlis 2001). A deficit perspective suggests that the learner, not the social system, must change. A medicalizing discourse emphasizes that healing, "getting over it," must take place before learning is possible. Discourses of educational practice may view dropping out, stopping out, or spacing out/dissociating as lack of motivation or persistence rather than survival mechanisms. Discourses focu sed on outcomes and account... ...all/fob/2002/morrish.html Pearce, C. E. "Informal Learning of Homeless Women: A Feminist Study of Surviving the Everyday." In 40th Annual Adult Education Research Conference Proceedings, compiled by Amy Rose. De Kalb: Northern Illinois University, 1999. (ED 431 901) http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/1999/99pearce.htm Rosenwasser, P. "Tool for Transformation: Cooperative Inquiry as a Process for Healing from Internalized Oppression." In AERC 2000: An International Conference, edited by T. Sork, V.-L. Chapman, and R. St. Clair, pp. 392-396. Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 2000. (ED 452 417) http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2000/rosenwasserp1-web.htm Williamson, B. "Learning in Extremis." In Lifelong Learning inside and outside Schools. Collected Papers, vol. 2, edited by P. Alheit et al., pp. 676-697. Roskilde, Denmark: Roskilde University, 2000.

Essay --

Myocardial infarction is defined as pathological myocardial cell death due to a prolonged interruption of the blood supply to the heart, leading to a permanent loss of cardiomyocytes (Kristian Thygesen et al., 2012). The impact of myocardial infarction brought about a cascade of events followed by scar formation conferring protection to the insulted heart from being ruptured due to high pressure. Although it offers cardiac protection, scar tissues are instead acellular and lack the normal biochemical properties of cardiac cell, thus enhancing the possibilities of disrupting the contractile function of the heart. These then may eventually leads to the depressed left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function of the injured heart (Joggerst & Hatzopoulos, 2009). Heart, has been considered as a terminally differentiated organ with an almost absent self-regenerative capacity back in the early days. The dogma was then broken by the findings documented on the presence of a small cluster of a clonogenic endogenous cardiac stem cell pooling within the heart. These cluster of endogenous cardiac stem cell demonstrates self-renewal capacity and multi-lineage differentiation potential suggesting that heart possess own intrinsic repair mechanism (Antonio P. Beltrami et al., 2003; Bearzi et al., 2007; Ellison, Nadal-Ginard, & Torella, 2012; Koudstaal et al., 2013). However the number of the endogenous cardiac stem cell is too low, rendering the self-repair mechanism to fail (Beltrami et al., 2001). Stem cell based therapy holds promise in participating in the myocardial regeneration replacing the lost functional cardiomyocyte in the damaged myocardium. The roles of bone marrow stem cell transplantation in myocardial therapy too, have long... ... outcome of cardiac therapy. The main idea behind this novel therapeutic approach is the possibility to constrain the limitations of the administration of stem cells in stem cell-based therapy. Taking the advantage of the conditioned medium and the benefit of paracrine signaling factors in promoting endogenous cardiac repair mechanism, we are trying to look at the best culture conditioned in terms of cell seeding density, glucose concentration, serum replacement and incubation time in order to generate conditioned medium that employs a potent paracrine signaling action that might enhance the ex vivo expansion of cardiac stem cell and potentially to be marketed as an ‘off-the-shelf’ cardiac stem cell culture medium in the near future. Yet, more effort should be considered carefully before this novel noninvasive idea is implemented in a more complex clinical setting.

Peer Pressure Begins in Childhood :: Peer Pressure Essays

Peer group influences affect children much earlier than researchers have suspected, finds a new University of Maryland-led study. The researchers say it provides a wake-up call to parents and educators to look out for undue group influences, cliquishness and biases that might set in early, the researchers say. The study appears in the May/June 2013 issue of Child Development, and is available online. The researchers say their work represents a new line of research – what they call "group dynamics of childhood." No prior research has investigated what children think about challenging groups that act in ways that are unfair or nontraditional, they note. The findings refute an older view that conflicts between group loyalty and fairness are not yet part of elementary-school aged children's everyday interactions. "This is not just an adolescent issue," says University of Maryland developmental psychologist Melanie Killen, the study's lead researcher. "Peer group pressure begins in elementary schools, as early as age nine. It's what kids actually encounter there on any given day." Even at this earlier age, children show moral independence and will stand up to the group, Killen adds. But it is also a setting where the seeds of group prejudices can develop, if not checked. "Parents and teachers often miss children's nascent understanding of group dynamics, as well as kids' willingness to buck to the pressure," Killen explains. Children begin to figure out the costs and consequences of resisting peer group pressure early. By adolescence, they find it only gets more complicated." The emergence of peer groups in elementary school aids children's development by providing positive friendships, relationships, and social support, Killen adds. The downsides include the undue influence of a group when it imposes unfair standards, especially on outsiders, or members of "outgroups," which is what is often created when peers form an "ingroup." "Children may need help from adults when they face conflicts between loyalty to the group and fairness to outsiders," Killen says. "They may be struggling to 'do the right thing' and still stay on good terms with friends in the group, but not know how. If a child shows discomfort and anxiety about spending time with friends, this may signal conflicts in their peer group relationships." The researchers conducted extended interviews and surveys with representative groups of fourth- and eighth-graders from a Mid-Atlantic suburban area. All were from middle income families and reflected U.S. ethnic backgrounds. They probed attitudes on a moral issue – dividing up resources equally for those in and out of the group, and on a question of tradition (group t-shirts). Peer Pressure Begins in Childhood :: Peer Pressure Essays Peer group influences affect children much earlier than researchers have suspected, finds a new University of Maryland-led study. The researchers say it provides a wake-up call to parents and educators to look out for undue group influences, cliquishness and biases that might set in early, the researchers say. The study appears in the May/June 2013 issue of Child Development, and is available online. The researchers say their work represents a new line of research – what they call "group dynamics of childhood." No prior research has investigated what children think about challenging groups that act in ways that are unfair or nontraditional, they note. The findings refute an older view that conflicts between group loyalty and fairness are not yet part of elementary-school aged children's everyday interactions. "This is not just an adolescent issue," says University of Maryland developmental psychologist Melanie Killen, the study's lead researcher. "Peer group pressure begins in elementary schools, as early as age nine. It's what kids actually encounter there on any given day." Even at this earlier age, children show moral independence and will stand up to the group, Killen adds. But it is also a setting where the seeds of group prejudices can develop, if not checked. "Parents and teachers often miss children's nascent understanding of group dynamics, as well as kids' willingness to buck to the pressure," Killen explains. Children begin to figure out the costs and consequences of resisting peer group pressure early. By adolescence, they find it only gets more complicated." The emergence of peer groups in elementary school aids children's development by providing positive friendships, relationships, and social support, Killen adds. The downsides include the undue influence of a group when it imposes unfair standards, especially on outsiders, or members of "outgroups," which is what is often created when peers form an "ingroup." "Children may need help from adults when they face conflicts between loyalty to the group and fairness to outsiders," Killen says. "They may be struggling to 'do the right thing' and still stay on good terms with friends in the group, but not know how. If a child shows discomfort and anxiety about spending time with friends, this may signal conflicts in their peer group relationships." The researchers conducted extended interviews and surveys with representative groups of fourth- and eighth-graders from a Mid-Atlantic suburban area. All were from middle income families and reflected U.S. ethnic backgrounds. They probed attitudes on a moral issue – dividing up resources equally for those in and out of the group, and on a question of tradition (group t-shirts).

Job Analysis Essay

A job analysis is a way to describe a job or the attributes needed to obtain the job (Spector, 2012). Different jobs need people with certain attributes; these attributes help the job be completed as necessary. A job analysis can help companies hire the right employees, and this creates a successful working environment. There are two different job analysis approaches; each approach focuses on different needs for a job. The first is the Job-Oriented approach; this approach describes the nature of the job, some job analysis, go into specific task (Spector, 2012). The second is the Person-oriented approach; this approach describes the specific attributes or characteristics needed to successfully do the job (Spector, 2012). This paper will conduct a job analysis for my preferred job using one of the job analysis methods and discuss how it could be used within an organization. Evaluate the reliability and validity of the job analysis. Evaluate different performance appraisal methods that might be applied to my chosen job and explain the various benefits and vulnerabilities of each performance appraisal method. Job Analysis: School Psychologist To analyze the job that I would dream to have I will be using both the Job-oriented approach and the person-oriented approach. I will be describing both the task and attributes a school psychologist needs. To start off with the job-oriented approach, which describes the jobs nature and specific tasks, I will describe what being a school psychologist is all about. School psychologists help children and youth succeed academically, socially, behaviorally, and emotionally. They collaborate with educators, parents, and other professionals to create safe, healthy, and supportive learning environments that strengthen connections between home, school, and the community for all students. School psychologists not only work with students but they also provide services for families, teachers, administrators, and the community. Job-Oriented Approach According to the National Associations of School Psychologist the following are tasks that school psychologist need to complete to be successful job. When it comes to students they Provide counseling, instruction, and mentoring for those struggling with social, emotional, and behavioral problems. Increase achievement by assessing barriers to learning and determining the best instructional strategies to improve learning. Promote wellness and resilience by reinforcing communication and social skills, problem solving, anger management, self-regulation, self-determination, and optimism. Enhance understanding and acceptance of diverse cultures and backgrounds. They also help out families by identifying and addressing learning and behavior problems that interfere with school success. Evaluate eligibility for special education services, support students’ social, emotional, and behavioral health, also teach parenting skills and enhance home–school collaboration, and make referrals and help coordinate community support services. School psychologist also provides a support for teachers by identifying and resolving academic barriers to learning. Design and implement student progress monitoring systems and academic and behavioral interventions. Support effective individualized instruction, create positive classroom environments, and motivate all students to engage in learning. School psychologist also give support to administrators by collecting and analyzing data related to school improvement, student outcomes, and accountability requirements. Implement school-wide prevention programs that help maintain positive school climates conducive to learning. Promote school policies and practices that ensure the safety of all students by reducing school violence, bullying, and harassment. Respond to crises by providing leadership, direct services, and coordination with needed community services. There are many tasks that come with being a school psychologist; they provide support for many different departments of a school, and take on tasks that are delicate. Person-Oriented Approach Person-oriented approach lists the characteristics and attributes needed to be a school psychologist. Since this job is very serious and deals with people’s mental and emotional health, the first and most important attribute is education. The job needs extensive knowledge of the field and practice before being able to qualify for this job. Other requirements are positive attitude, loving the job, loving to help people, and love psychology. They also have to be focused and responsible because if they aren’t an accident can occur. The person should also be able to keep their personal life and their job separate. If they cannot do this their job can affect their personal job or vise versa. From the job tasks these are the attributes that an individual has to have to be able to be successful at this job. Evaluation There are many job analysis types and not all are appropriate for the type of job application (Spector, 2012). Each has its limitations and advantages, and it works for different purposes. The reliability and validity of a job analysis can be questioned because the analysis is made by a person who is either doing the job or watching someone do it (Spector, 2012). The biggest thing that we do as human beings is judge, and judgment can make a job analysis not reliable or valid. In this case I am not a school psychologist, and I am actually reading about the job, my judgment can have a big impact on the job analysis. Validity and reliability are questionable madder but as quoted â€Å"In general, results suggest that different people’s ratings of jobs are often reasonably reliable. In other words, there will be a relatively high correlation among different people’s ratings of the same job for at least some job analysis methods (Spector, 2013 p. 72-73). † In other words some job analysis methods may have the same ratings for certain jobs. Appraisals in the work place can be very time consuming for supervisors but it has a good outcome, appraisals create a better performance in the work place. When someone is appraised for their good work they get satisfaction, and that’s something they want to keep receiving so they keep up the good work. For my chosen job I think that appraisals should be given, because a school psychologist makes people feel good and therefore they should get appraisal to feel good about what they are doing. Conclusion Becoming a school psychologist you have to have a lot of qualifications and characteristics that will make you successful at this job, and making sure that you know what it takes and if you are qualified for the job can be determined by a job analysis. There are many methods to conduct a job analysis, you can use the job-oriented approach or the person-oriented approach, only two of the many. These types of analysis can explain if you are right for a job. This paper conducted a job analysis for a school psychologist job by using both job-oriented and person-oriented approach and discussed how it could be used within an organization. Evaluated the reliability and validity of the job analysis. Evaluated different performance appraisal methods that might be applied to my school psychologist job and explain the various benefits and vulnerabilities of each performance appraisal method.

African American and Haitian Heritage Essay

There atomic number 18 many different beliefs and values with the African American nuance compargond to the Haitian Culture relating to child bearing and pregnancy. Both of the cultures name history of having large families in the hobnailed areas, which was viewed as a necessary emergency because of the economic pressures each culture went though. The African American choice of sustain withstand was oral contraceptives compared to the Haitians who used a descriptor of contraception methods such as the birth control pill, female sterilization, injections, and condoms Kemp (2012) states. The Haitians are broadly Catholic which makes them un volitionally to engage in conversations near pregnancy, and their fertility praxiss. Compared to African Americans who departingly to speak to older family members about their carriage during their pregnancy, or volition help organize them with many of the practices and beliefs of a pregnant women.The African Americans view and belie f on stillbirth is that many oppose stillbirth because of their apparitional or moral beliefs, and some opposites oppose abortion because of moral, cultural, or Afrocentric beliefs WHO (2011) states. These beliefs willing cause a delay in decision which makes abortions unsafe, compared to the Haitian Culture who does not talk about abortion openly, it is considered a womens issue. maternal quality is not considered a dis calm, or a health problem, many Haitian women stress no prenatal care, snuff it full time until saving, and celebrate their pregnancy as a time of joy. Haitian women also do not eat spices, but are encouraged to eat vegetables, and red fruits to join on the fetus blood Kemp (2012) claims. Compared to the African American women who seek prenatal care archaeozoic in their pregnancy, also they respond to being pregnant as any other women in an ethnic group. what is more each one of the cultures has views, and beliefs that they follow during their pregnancy. The Haitian women historically would walk, squat, or sit, during labor, practice inheringchildbirth, but since migrating most Haitian women lead adopted other practices. The fathers do not participate in tar, but other female families members offer support Kemp (2012) states. The African American women strike many beliefs or myths they conceptualise in during their pregnancy. Pica is the take in of a nonnutritive substance such as soap, needles, dirt, and etc., this practice will help ease pain during delivery, and reduce nausea Galanti (2012) states. Furthermore African American women believe in many beliefs because it will cause molest to them and the unborn baby, during delivery they believe it is ok to be vocal.In addition during delivery African American women will have granny midwives deliver their unborn baby, and others will arrive at the Hospital in advanced labor to reduce the time spent there. Emotional support is provided by other women especially their mother, b ecause men believe it is a private issue betwixt women.The Haitian women believe that postpartum is a crucial catch of childbearing, immediately after(prenominal)(prenominal) birth they will dress heartily to become more healthy, and clean. After delivery Haitian women believe that their swot are open which makes them stay in get by 2-3 geezerhood postpartum Galanti (2012) states so the bones can close. Another postpartum practice is the three johns, the first three days the mother will bathe in hot boiled water that will have leaves, bought or picked from the field.Then for the following(a) three days the mother will bathe in water and leaves warm up by the sun. At the end of the ordinal week the mother takes the third bath which is cold, Haitian women also avoid gabardine foods during this period. Compared to the African American women during postpartum period family support is needed to care for them sextet to eight weeks after delivery Galanti (2012) states. Babies were not named until after they were known to survive, and the placenta has a drift of its own which has to be buried after birth to avoid having a joining to the baby. Increased vaginal bleeding is a sign of a sickness, and tea is believed to have healing powers Kemp (2012) states.ReferencesGalanti, G. (2012) Cultural transmutation in health Care African American. Retrieved on January 27, 2013 from www.ggalanti.orgKemp, C. (2012) Haitians Retrieved on January 27, 2013 from www.baylor.eduWorld Health Organization (2011) World Global Cultures Retrieved on January 27, 2013 from www.who.org