Should Women Be Allowed in Combat Essay Example for Free

Should Women Be Allowed in Combat EssayFor centuries our women hasten been going into combat, so how come all of a sudden the conflict on whether they should or shouldnt has become such an uproar. When the women in tribes fought all over food and men during our beginnings, those women were undoubtedly in combat. And as the centuries went on, women warriors were not considered that unusual, for example at least four hundred women soldier fought in the civil war along side their male comrades, only to be know in that location gender once killed. So how is it that in todays society, we are so caught up with the though of women making their way into a male dominant world. Some say it is that women could not appoint with the emotions of killing another human being, that we are not mentally strong enough to handle the conditions of a war zone, and although physically they may not be a mans equal but when shooting a gun and being shot at there is no difference. Statistics have not b een able to enhance that men would be better at the military jobs, but only that history shows the solitary members of the army being men.However with modern technology warfare has greatly evolved and it relies more on So how is that our on There fore howcome, our main arugment is that women are not strong enough to fight, women are not fitting of the emotions brought through war This helps to show that women in combat are nothing new, and it is only modern times that we have thought of women as fragile and over emotional. Real women have saved lives, gone in to space, fought wars, invented, financed and designed everything from nuclear fission to radium, and from DNA to COBOL.Real women have overcome as many, if not more, obstacles and hardships than have men. Women pioneered, starved, reigned, battled, spied, strategized, and taught, doctored, nursed, reared families, started churches, and won political rights, yet few magazines, books, movies and television productions tell the se stories. Its not a gender thing, its not a sex thing, its not a specialness thing a highly trained, highly intelligent, strongly motivated person lavatory do any job the military has to offer and do it well. after(prenominal) all, the Amazons didnt cut off their breasts any more than the Legion of Thebes cut off their testicles and both groups won battles galore Women have been fighting for the right to be seen mentally and physically equal to the men in the Military, however how can they be seen as equal when the basic physical test has been altered so there is a chance for some women to be accepted in. Women on average only have 60% of the physical strength of men, and when put to the test the put across 20% of women equaled to the bottom 20% of men.Men are taught to honor and protect women, boys are taught not to hits misfires. I think this makes good sense and is an essential grammatical constituent of our civilization. Sending women into combat utter destroys those v alues and morals. Women are not suited by temperament or by physical characteristics for the highly aggressive, ultra-violent pursuit of achievement in battle. Much of an armys success depends upon intimidation of the enemy. A force composed of women is far less intimidating than one consisting of macho men. disincentive of the enemy saves lives in wartime. Already, the side effects of abandoning traditional female sterotypes likes the notiona that giels are extremely sensitive or have a unique role in nurturing an protecting children are apparent however girls are increasing becoming more in touch with their aggreseive instincest, leading to more girl on girl physical violence. Women should have every right to serve the country, however I do feel that service should stop when it come to front line battle.And those obdurate to make it to the front line should have to meet the exact same physical and mental critera of those as men. Australia is so terrified of being accused for se xism that we pass up to acknowledge that most of us shudder to the idea and thought of women being sent of to war. If a draft was reinstated, the women who have so called fought to show how men and women can be equal have now placed every other women in a position they were not fighting for.

Hawthorne effect Essay Example for Free

Hawthorne effect EssayIn todays competitive climate lots of business owners be trying to get more from their workforce at the same time still their employees be trying to get more from their jobs. Reward and erudition programs argon ane focussing that employers bunghole motivate their staff into changing their key behaviors and work habits, thus benefitting the business. At the same time these schemes can also give the employee that little bit particular(a) they are looking for from job.Motivation and reenforcement are closely linked and there have been many credible theories written on the subject. It is widely recognized that human beings have a need to feel valued, some(prenominal) in their home lives and in the work place. To keep people motivated they need to be encouraged, rewarded (where appropriate) or recognised in their endeavors.One of the most valued of the motivation theories was written by Abraham Maslow from the USA back in the 1950s. As part of his tuition into motivation Maslow developed a five tiered hierarchy of needs. He argued that the way to motivate individuals in the workplace and indeed in life is to gather the need sets one by one and in revisal. The first of the need sets and the most basic are the biological and physiological needs. These are survival requirements inhering into us and evolved with mankind for tens of thousands of years, things much(prenominal) as food, shelter, warmth etc. In Maslows model its these needs that need to be satisfied in front anything else, for example there is little point creviceing status as a motivator, when the individual has non yet satisfied basic requirements such as achieving a livable wage in order to eat, secure shelter etc.Reward SystemsPeformance at Mark-it-Down Co Ltd is not what it should be and it has been decided between senior mangement and the Human Resources department that the introduction of a reward scheme is whats required to motivate the workforce and i mprove performance overall.The squad in signal of deciding on the reward system to implement have come up up with the following suggestionsVariable Pay/Bonus SchemeA scheme of variable pay is one possible solution for the super marketplace. In this scheme a fate of the employees pay would be considered at risk. This portion of the wage will be rewarded according to the performance of the company as a exclusively, on the basis of personal acheivement or based on the results of a department or team (this would probably be the most effective for this type of commercial business)Targets will be set at the beginning of a specified period (per annum is the common period) at the end of this period depending on the how well the targets have been met, a percentage or full quantity of the at risk part of their pay will be paid to the individual. This payment could take a few different forms, possibly a cash bonus, a quantity of stock or shares in the business.Whilst monetary reward has be en proven to be effective and can encourage hard work amongst a team or individually, it has the disadvantage of impacting on profit do by the supermarket, for example if the grocery team meet their target for keeping the produce displays replenished to a delineate level, thence the whole grocery team will have earnt the bonus which must be paid from the profits. You also may have a stain where part of the workforce become demotivated, if their team or they personally have missed let out on a bonus.Bonus and pay based rewards are considered differently depending on which motivation theory you study. For example in Maslows hierachy of needs, financial remuneration is only mentioned at heart the first tier of the hierachy which covers the most basic and unmistakable survival needs (physiological needs) Money was not considered by Maslow be a long term motivator.Frederick Herzberg considered financial reward to be amongst his hygiene factors that is that money in itself is not a motivator only actually will only act as a dissatisfier if the individual feels that their financial expectations and requirements of the role are not being met.In contrast to Maslow and Herzberg, John Stacey Adams baron have argued that bonus schemes and pay related rewards can indeed be effective motivators. If the individual percieves that they are gettting a fair input to output balance in comparison to their peers eg, works hard (input) for a pay bonus (output) However that motivation through financial reward might not last. If the individual learns that a young man or peer is benefiting from a expose input to output ratio (eg doesnt work as hard, however gets paid more) then the individual can quickly become dissatisfied.PromotionThe introduction of a promotion programme could be a viable option. If the employees are aware that there is a realistic opportunity for them to progress within Mark It Down Co then they will likely feel motivated towards improving their standar d of work in the hope that they will be one of the employees chosen for promotion. Maslows heierachy of needs supports promotion as a motivator, hitherto depending on the person promotion/status as a form of motivation might be quite high up on the tiers and as such it would only work if the tiers below have already been satisfied. on that point could be several downsides to this however often with promotion comes a rise in salary for the individual, which will of course impact on any profit made by the supermarket. there might also be a risk of a culture developing within the company whereby individuals take the attitude that they are out for themselvesEmployee of the calendar monthOne of the suggested recognition programmes is an employee of the monthscheme. The idea is that all employees and managers are provided with a brief form to be used to nominate an employee that they believe deserves recognition (they should also explain the reasons behind there nomination)Due to the no minations for employee of the month being business wide not only is the playing field for recognition level, but there is the scope for recognising excellance in all of the different areas of the organisation. This reward system could be as low or high toll as Mark it Down Co directors see fit. There is support for this type of recognition reward in Elton Mayos Hawthorne Effect theory. following his studies of workplace behaviour at the Hawthorne Plant Chicago in the late 1920s and early 1930s Mayo deduced that emotional factors acted as far better motivators than economical ones, as such a reward scheme of this nature could be very effective indeed, not to mention low cost.On the downside employee of the mon th schemes can have a tendancy to be considered a little cheesy and may require a little perspiration on the part of the programme managers in order to keep all of the staff motivated to particiate by completing the nomination slips.Pass on PraiseSomething as simple as passin g on positive comments you have heard about an employee direct to the individual can have an extremely motivational effect. Again the hawthorne effect supports this belief. The praise could passed on by way of email, copying in managers or even with a visit to a senior managers office in order to run across thanks directly.The main advantage of this idea is that it costs nothing and is extremely easy to implement, however it may not be enough on its own, I would suggest that this tactic be used in conjunction with one of the other employee recognition schemes.All of the afore mentioned reward options have the potential to be effective, however the success of the chosen scheme could have a lot to do with theindviduals in nbeed of motivation. For instance in McGregors theory, the two employee types, X and Y differ greatly. What might motivate a Y employee (someone that is naturally happy to take on repsponsibilty and excepts work as part of life) might have the opposite effect on an employee of the X variety (someone thats avoids repsonsibility and needs to be heavily supervised. The type of employees to be motivated should be considered before a motivation and reward scheme is decided upon.Monitoring PerformanceThere are various ways to monitor the performance of your workforce. In the supermarket setting of Mark it Down Co, these could be tangible the number of sales made, the number of employees served, punctuality or attendance. There can be no disputing these types of performance indicators they are unambiguous and offer a realistic insight into the performance of a team or individual.Qualiative these indicators are based on opinions and judgements (the view of a supervisor or the such like). These indicators are just as substantial as physical ones but managers should be careful to ensure that any monetary standards of performance are considered fair by both the employees and employers.Goals and TargetsPerformance measurement can also be linked to the c ompanies appraisal system, that is performance can be measured by assessing progress made on targets and goals agreed at the previous review. Appraisals are valuable in this respect.In order to effectively monitor performance in this way it is important to ensure that your employees are aware of the difference between target and goal.Goals These are long term ambitions that should relate to the individual aims for progressing within the company.Targets These are the steps interpreted in order to achieve the goal. There is an acronym that can act as a guide for the criteria that any targets should adhere to. They should be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time bound. There is little point setting targets outside of these parameters.Monitoring progress towards identified goals and objectives as a way of determining who deserves reward does have its pros and cons though. On the one hand it can be considered an easily measurable method of monitoring performance, but on th e other (particularly when the goals and targets have been set for a team or group) it could be argued that the fact that a company/team or individual is achieving its set goals and targets is not a true indication of who has made the most effort towards making that happen and as such is not an effective method for identifying who should qualify for reward. This is an important thing to consider when applying motivation and reward schemes, as an wrong(p) or ill managed monitoring technique could be costly to a business. For example a company will not want to be handing out cash bonuses to a whole team for r all(prenominal)ing a set goal if it transpires that 3 out of 5 team members have made no improvement to their work output and had nothing to do with the teams progress or achievementWhen considering target setting as a way of monitoring progress and establishing where reward, praise or recognition should be given, serious thought should be given to how the company plans on pinp ointing exactly who has been responsible for progress, both positive and negative.BenchmarkingAnother way to monitor company performance is to measure its successes and failures against those of other businesses in the same market. For example Mark it Down Co could measure its sales figures against one of its competitors, Lidl for instance. This method is known as bench marking andits all about taking the best practices of the highest achieving businesses in the same market and applying them back in the business in question.Job EvaluationIts has been brought to management attention that one of the employees at Mark it Down Co believes that he is receiving less salary for the same work as one of his peers. The following two methods can be used to evaluate the jobs of the individuals in question in order to assess whether theses concerns are justified or not.Job RankingJob ranking is one of the simplest methods of job evaluation. Its considers the job as a whole and ranks it against a nother whole job within the organisation. This is usually carried out by the raters comparing the jobs using their general knowledge of the roles themselves. The jobs are ranked in order of the difficulty of the job itself or the importance of the role to the company. The procedure is followed for each department and then a comparison of jobs at all levels is made and jobs are given grade levels which define salary groups.The job ranking method is easily understood by all employees and simple to administer, however it does have its disadvantages, this technique is not really suitable for large organisations with complex structures where its is much harder to gain familiarity with all of the job roles. With this in mind it is probably not the solution that should be used at Mark it Down Co Ltd.Point Factor MethodThe point factor method establishes job values by assign points to each area within a group of defined factors, below are some examples but there any many different factors that could be defined further and given points in order to be used for job evaluationSkill Within this group there might be points available for, experience or training.Effort The points available for effort might be divided between mental and physical effort.In this method each job is rated using the defined points system. The points are totaled to form the final score for that particular role. From there jobs are grouped into salary grades (jobs with similar points ratings would be placed together in the same salary grade) This method can be tailored to meet the needs of specific companies and is suitable for use within larger organisations where there are a large number of jobs to evaluate. Its an easy model to work with once its in place but can be very expensive and time consuming to develop in the first instance. In my opinion the point factor method would be a the better job evaluation model to use for Mark it Down Co. Job ranking is just too simplistic to cope with the join of individuals roles at this organisation. The factors I think should be used to develop the point system are as follows Skill Experience, Training, Ability, EducationResponsibilities Monetary, Supervisory, ReportingEffort Mental, PhysicalEnvironment Job Location, HazardsIn order to establish if the employee in question has a case for querying the wage he is on in comparison to his colleague. His overall score for the above factors should be calculated in order to establish his pay bracket. If the pay grade is the same as that of his colleague then his concerns are justified and his wage should be brought into line. If it is not and he is in a lower wage group then there is no case for a wage increase. Equally if the individuals wage bracket is determined to be higher than that of his colleagues then his wage should be adjusted to reflect as much.

Impact of Reality Shows on Younger Generation

Impact of Reality Shows on Younger GenerationJump to Research methodology Research Background Research Data Results Analysis Conclusion and RecommendationsWith the successful completion of the Sirasa crack head teacher school term 1 most of Sri Lankan boob tube transmit started airing various benevolents of realness courses. The organizers determine that these programs can easily raise the everydayity of the goggle box bring and above all(a) the main aim of organising such events is the gold which generating stub the screen.One of the main features of such shows that proliferated in the recent past across the television system channels is the active character referenceicipation of celebrities in varied capacities viz presenters atomic number 18 judgers. Usually organisers of such events take greater c ar to stage such events in a more than planned, colourful and in a dramatic manner, so as to attract all the age groups in the society.Due to the tough tilt pr evailing among the television channels to cajole the viewing audience, innovations and differentiation has buy the farm make words to stay ahead in the earthly concern business. Producers seems trying introducing various types of programmes but it is non hard to find those so called innovated programs happens to be just the nose candy copies of American, European or the Indian human race shows. Due to this lacuna in originality these programs might not be suitable to the Sri Lanka culture as these programmes have been germinated with features tie in to the American or European culture.Under this light it can be posited that nowadays reality shows argon adversely effecting the educational and social training of our young generation because predominantly the spectators found to be consisted with this social group.CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGYAIMThe aim of this paper is to highlight the effect of reality programs on the junior generation in the light of their social and educationa l development.PROBLEM STATEMENTDoes the Sri Lankan junior generation is addicted to the reality programs due to the glamour and popularity of such programmes and exit it effect the social and educational development of the younger generation of the Sri Lankan society?RESEARCH HYPOTHESISReality programs are adversely effecting the educational and social development of the younger generation in the Sri Lankan society.SCOPE OF THE STUDYThe scope of this research is to gather the views and ideas of public regarding reality programs and to measure its effect on our younger generation. familiar OBJECTIVETo find out the reasons behind reality shows be adopt so popular among the Sri Lankan viewing audience and to dis top side which age groups are more prone to be attractive to these programmes. Furthermore, to surface effects if any by the broadcasting reality shows on social and educational development of the Sri Lankan Society.SPECIFIC OBJECTIVESTo determine the reasons behind the po pularity of reality programs among the Sri Lankan viewing audience.To obtain a better understanding about the financial benefits offered to the competitors and the spectators by the organisers and also to learn about the huge amount of money that circulating behind the screen.To find out true intensions of the organizers with regard to the facilitation the youths to enhance their talents, bringing talented youths to the limelight, making available monitory benefits and how the organizers (TV channels) intend to be benefited by reality programmes.To chit chat about the true potential of created heads to remain bright in the show business sustaining the popularity over their contemporary traditional artists.To comment how will be the settle are qualified to judge the competitors fairly and to comment on the forge of selecting the winners by the viewing audience through the medium of Telephones, SMS and post cards.METHOD OF DATA order of battleData collection methods are as foll ows.a. Primary Sources. Primary source of information will be gathered by interviewing selected groups of tribe. A uncertaintynaire will be administered to the following respondents.i. School Teachersii. Doctorsiii. Parentsiv. Officers in No 33 JCC representing Tri Forcesv. University Studentsvi. School A/L Studentsb. Secondary Source. Secondary source of information will be the relate books, paper articles, web articles, library sources and germane(predicate) databases.THE STRUCTURE OF THE PAPERThe thesis is structured as followsa. CHAPTER I This Chapter will cover the Introduction.b. CHAPTER II This Chapter will cover the Methodology.c. CHAPTER III This chapter will covers the background of reality programs which are airing in Sri Lankan television channels.d. CHAPTER IV This Chapter will cover the data which collected through the questionnaire.e. CHAPTER V This Chapter will cover the data which collected through questionnaire and analyzes them accordinglyf. CHAPTER VI Conclus ion.CHAPTER 3 BACKGROUND OF RESEARCHReality programs are genre of television programme that presents supposedly ad-lib dramatic or entertaining situations, events, emulations and usually features ordinary people instead of professed(prenominal) actors and the significant is the program is manipulating by a popular star1. This kind of reality programs are commonly called reality shows and often they are produced in series. Documentaries and non fictional programming such as news and sports shows are usually not classified as reality shows.Reality television frequently portrays a modified and highly influenced form of reality, utilizing sensationalism to attract viewers and so to generate advertising profits. Participants are often placed in exotic locations or abnormal situations, and are sometimes coached to act in special scripted ways by off-screen story editors or segment producers, with the portrayal of events and speech manipulated and contrived to create an illusion of re ality through editing and separate post- proceeds techniques2. Till the time all these reality programs were severalized as huge profit making exercise behind the screen and which were helping to raise the popularity of television channels.The present nature of reality shows are started in American television channels, the most successful one was American Ideal and this was become very notable all around the world. Later it was spread among some other countries with their own identities such as, Australia, England, China, Japan and our neighbour country India too.Sirasa TV is in the pioneer among the Sri Lankan television channels to air the reality shows. This has stemmed from their vision to present new energetic televisions programs to the Sri Lankan television society. General opinion held by the public of this country is that Sirasa television always comes with a different style or sometimes may be very peculiar programs which may give an impressive experience to the Sri Lankan spectators who are already bored with watching monotonous television programs.Sirasa TV introduced the new culture in TV entertainment through mega tele drama to the Sri Lankan Society deviating external from traditional tele-dramas. Initially those tele-dramas were Indian origin and subtitled or dubbed in Sinhala language (e.g. Shanthi the Indian mega tele-drama dubbed in Sinhala). The regular Hindi lovers in the Sri Lankan society may embrace these tele-dramas. The popularity of the mega tele-dramas were increased in many folds with the introduction of mega tele-dramas with a Sri Lankan touch but based on Indian lifestyle and later themes and style shifted to be in line with the traditional Sri Lankan context. The statistics shows spectators flocked to-gether with the Sirasa TV each day during the hours among 2000hrs to 2200hrs to see their favourite tele-dramas in Ran Depaya which telecasted both(prenominal) Indian and Sri Lankan four mega tele-dramas within dickens h our period in the week days. Tele dramas of Hindi origin but dubbed in sinhala such as Mahagedara, Chiththi and Praveena and also the tele-dramas with Singhalese themes but produced in Indian style such as Wasuda and Kindurangana were equally became popular among Sri Lankan viewers.Observing the grand success achieved by Sirasa TV all the other television channels had to face the challenge of re get intoing their lost popularity. As a counter strategy other TV channels were also opted to follow the leaders path. Hence, roughly all other TV stations started to telecast mega tele-drams in their channels and some channels like Independence Television Network (ITN) become more successful than Sirasa TV since they managed to capture the taste of Sri Lankans with Sri Lankan style dramas instead of Indian dramas. Indian style Sinhala dramas also helped to boost up the popularity of the TV channel. As examples Batti, Mutu Kirilli Paba became very famous among the viewers. This series of M ega Tele-dramas were the last of the production list as produces witnessed a mark decline in popularity for such entertainment.When the time passes these Mega tele-dramas become more burdensome for the viewers and they understood that the substances of most of these stories were kindred, monotonous and meaning less. Because of the endless and prolonged nature of these dramas, story had to be changed aimlessly suiting to the production difficulties ignoring the viewers needs and wants. Above all busy schedules of the working class caused to refuse these programs gradually but surely.When the viewers are receding away from mega tele-dramas TV stations were forced to change their strategies to win the crowd. The requirement of the day was to innovate entertainment programmes that ensure a different experience to the tired mega tele-drama viewers. Again organism the pioneer of presenting new experience to the viewers, Sirasa TV found out the solution to this. They presented an energeti c, dramatic and curious program to the viewers named as Sirasa Super steer Session I, a singing aspiration. That was the gateway to Sri Lankan viewers to enter into the world of reality shows.The Sirasa Super Star Session I is the most successful first reality program produced by the Sirasa TV which based on a singing contest among general applicants. Because of its attractiveness and dramatic way of presenting it became vary famous among the viewers. Furthermore, because of that program telecasted during the weekend, it became ideal way of spending weekend for the people those who fed up working through week days and this has become real entertainment during weekends. viewers found that they no longer required macrocosm bond to mega tele-dramas during the hearty weekdays. Because of the popularity and financial benefits acquired by the Sirasa TV they started second session of the same program presently after the first. Mean time the other television channels also did some ex emplifications on same reality programs and after achieving success they were ventured out to experiment more different types of reality programs and most of them again became very successful. Some times Derana TV and Swarnavahini were at the peak of popularity than Sirasa TV. Some of the Reality programs aired by each channels are attached to this as Annex BPOSSIBLE REASONS FOR THESE PROGRAMS BECOME VERY POPULAR AMONG OTHER PROGRAMS.Locations and Stages. Normally these programs are being filmed at very attractive, colourful stages or locations or peculiar places such as ships, boats, gardens and famous hotels instead of using traditional stages. These stages are preparing in a very attractive style by spending huge amount of money due to the competition among each other. Utilization of modern technology for the stages decorations, filming and airing generally are at a higher standard and the quality is increasing day by day.Dress and appearance. During the final stages of competi tion the organizers are having tendency to change the appearance of the competitors. This is done by changing dresses, hair styles and doing characteristic changes. Some times all the competitors are wearing same type of dresses according to the gender but keeping unique identity of the competitors. Some times they completely change the characters such as while male is dolled up as woman and female is dressed as male. Sometimes they dressed as cartoon characters and may as jokers. The dress of the day may decided by the art director which related to the dowryicular entertainment or the event of the day.Empirical evidences shows that they changed the days dress of competitors according to the singing competition or the style of the songs or the era of the original song which sung by the first singer. In some programs like Derana Shadow Stars, the competitors are dressed up as the professional characters without any single change. However both the competitors and the organizers we re hellish and criticised by the public regarding the improper dress selections of Sirasa Kumario ,Derana Kumario and loving Stars programs. In this programs the competitors and organizers were blamed that the young girls who were exposing the body in an unwanted way and which were not suitable to the society specially the children viewers. But this method of present was stipulation a boosting popularity among the teenagers specially the men and majority of the others also accepted but not shown their consent openly.Dramatic way of presenting The most attractive feature of this kind of reality programs are the dramatic way of presenting. This dramatic style is a new experience for the Sri Lankan viewers and it is the most successful feature which supporting to these programs becomes very popular among the public. This unscripted dramatic or entertaining situation touches the hearts of viewers and they automatically become emotional and some times they wouldnt deliberate or like to believe the reality of the situation. The emotions feels to a competitor after loose or win can be feel even the viewers and they also become the part of that programs.During final stages the organizers are planning to take the competitors to their hometowns and bountiful a good publicity through media and make them to be welcomed by the people of their hometowns, sometimes these events may pre planned. The organizers make the viewers to become a participant of the program and make them to feel that the voting through SMSs is a responsibility of them and to be with their countryman bank the end and make him as the winner by their SMS votes.Involvement of famous personal and stars as program announcers and masters of the ceremonies. Famous characters such as picture stars, Dancers, Singers or Politicians are taking part as the program announcers, Judges or as conductors of the program which is a significant feature in reality programs. Some times they take part in the judging p anel and some times judges participating in the event may not have any relevance to the particular field or may not have any experience in that particular field. The popularity is rising up remarkably because of the participation of these people. Some examples for that are attached to this as Annex C.These kinds of programs are doing a commendable role to take out the talented Sri Lankan younger generation, those who does not having opportunity or financial support, to come out or highlight their talents. The experience is the most valuable in discernible value that can gain by the competitors. Other than that popularity, good repetition in the society, identification in particular fields and opportunities are also intangible values that they can gain. Considering tangible values and financial values are at the peak and other than that other presents such as vehicles and properties and other gifts sometimes exceeds the value beyond the expectations of the participants. The Sirasa S uper stars is at the cliff of presenting huge financial values to the competitors. Swarnavahini also has gained perception as generous giver to the winners among other channels.MONEY EARNING METHODSReality programs have been identified as most lucrative programs in the Sri Lankan society which high profits can be assured by spending less. There are piles of methods that the organizers earning money through these programs and the methods of organizing these competitions with a lowest cost.SMS Campaign In this reality programs the viewers also doing a vital role as the competitors. They are actively participating to these programs by sending their consent or the vote for a particular competitor while sending SMSs or calling to the dedicated hotlines. direct a SMS or calling to dedicated hotlines is an effective method to attracting and bonding the viewers to the programme since they are convincing that they also being a part of the programme. Mean time it can be defined as utilizati on of modern communication technology to attract the people to take part of these programs. For this process all the Sri Lankan telecom providers participated and they introduced their own methods for sending SMSs and calling to dedicated hotlines to facilitate viewers. This is one of the profits gaining mechanism of reality programs.But only few of viewers know the cost they spending for a single SMS may be five times than normal SMS charges (Normal SMS Charges for Ea. Rs 1.00 and Reality show SMS Charges for Ea. Rs 10.00)3. This amount charging for single SMS is dividing between both the Organizing authority and the telecommunication provider. For facilitating this service to the viewers, the entire telecommunication providers in Sri Lanka had allocated special hotlines and hotline numbers for each program separately and introduced various types of formats and methods to sending SMSs and giving consent to the competitors since this is a good profitable mechanism for them. Further some other organizations also encouraging their customers to participate these programs.As example NDB has promoted their account holders that to win a chance of Rs 25,000.00 by sending SMSs to the Sirasa Super Stars.Advertisements Charging for advertisements which are airing during the reality programs telecasting time is also one of the money earning mechanism for the organizers (Television Canals or media sponsors).Ex During Sirasa super Stars session 3 final day a thirty second advertisement were cost to rupees 600,000.00Selling of songs, videos and photographs of stars. This is also one of a profitable business for the organizers. They sell the songs, which became popular during competitions, videos of special events and photographs of popular characters, stars or special events since the organizers are the dictator rights of the ownership of the program. In this case due to their whole authority the profits may be directly benefited to the organizers.Musical shows and display s of stars to the public. Since the agreements and bonds which are signed by the stars, they automatically becoming real mallets of the organizers. This type of outdoor activities are arranging for the purpose gain popularity for the program and for financial benefits.ARRANGING domain PROGRAMS WITH A MINIMUM COST TO BEARING UP BY THE ORGANIZERS.Arranging of this kind of reality show is huge money consuming task than a normal program. Because to get the attraction of people and competitors the organizers have to arrange these programs with mega prizes, attractive locations sometimes may overseas film shooting, attractive and different kinds of fashioned costumes and jewelleries, famous personal to lead the programs and for judging panels, cosmetics and dressing and attractive stages and luxury vehicles. To provide these facilities and come out with a successful presentation is a huge task for a single organizer. To overcome those difficulties the organizers are gathering sponsors to fulfil the above requirements. By sponsoring for these reality shows the sponsors also having opportunity to introduce and make attention of their products to the viewers. The business market that the sponsors are targeting can automatically be achieved through the programs because the majority of viewers are being teenagers. Some of the companies sponsoring for the programs are as followsLocations Famous Hotels in Sri LankaCosmetics and dressing Janet cosmetics and Natures secretsJewelleries Stone and stringsDresses Mondy, Wills, Hamedia, SareeMandir, NolimitVehicles AMW and United MortarsOfficial Drinks Pure Beverages and Elephant admitOfficial Bank NDBDOES THE JUDGE PANELS ARE BEING QUALIFIED ENOUGH TO PERFORM THEIR DUTIES?General question comes out with at the end of the program that the viewers that the judge panel are being qualified enough to judge the competitors. In some programs the judges were selected considering only the popularity they obtained in the society and they done their duties completely out of their relative subjects. Sometimes a well qualified dancer is in the judge panel of singing competition and some times a well qualified singer is judging a dancing competition. Sometimes performance of some judges are become real entertainment to both competitors and viewers but the problem is can they given a fair decision to the competitor without having sufficient knowledge about particular subject to distinguish the correct person for the next round. This type of trick is done by the organizers to attract viewers but the competitors are suffering from their incapable decisions4.FUTURE OF THE STARSBecause of the recognition given in a limited time period and lack of experience some competitors are unable to identify their weak points they might be overconfident of their talents. After become a star in one night they dont have any idea to maintain their flow and they dont have crystallise forward vision since their recognition has ac hieved without any sacrifice or effort.Also these stars becoming popular among the viewers by imitating professionals. As examples in singing competition the competitors are imitating the songs which were sung by professionals and in a comedy program they are imitating the professionals. So at the end of the reality program the stars are recognize by the viewers from imitated presentations and the viewers may in reality loves for the original owner of that presentation, may not for the competitor.Another factor is these stars are charging high charges from Rupees 25000.00 to 50000.00 to sing 4 or 5 songs for a musical show and the professionals are charging Rupees 5000.00 to maximum 20000.00 for the same.5Sponsoring for these high charges of the Stars for social events may bear up the Sri Lankans those who are being afield or the wealthy social events take place in Sri Lanka. But in outdoor activities in Sri Lanka local sponsors may not willing to bear up this high charges of star s since the Sri Lankan outdoor market is earning less profits and even the indoor activities spectators may not willing to pay high charges for entrance tickets.REALITY PROGRAMS AND ITS rig OF OUR YOUNGER GENERATIONMost of the reality programmes are very attractive and presenting in a decent style to the audience. Some of the programmes are actually imparting knowledge to the viewers especially for the younger generation. As example Punchi Pahe Ma Sri Lankan Life Derana Real Leader etc..EFFECT ON SOCIAL paper OF THE YOUNGER GENERATIONBecause of the competition among the television channels the organizers are trying to implement different type of reality programmes and sometimes with or without heading they are violating Sri Lankan ethics and norms due to high competition among each other. As examples Sirasa Kumariya and Derana Kumariya programme were blamed by the general public that the organizers are intentionally selecting unethical dresses which unnecessarily exposes the bod y of the girls and sometimes they are appearing to the programme wearing swimming suit or wetted cloths which indirectly showing body curves to the public in an unethical way.Another example the organizers of Swarnawahini Loving Star programme was blamed because some events are unethical and which are not suitable for the Sri Lankan society and some of the events of that programme were giving wrong ideas to the younger generation. Due to displeasure of the general public especially the elders that programme was stopped after completing only one session.EFFECT ON EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOUNGER GENERATIONThese programmes are airing usually after 1830 Hrs to 2200Hrs6and that time is commonly known as the ideal study time for the students. But due to addicting to these programmes the younger generation is spending their valuable study time for education some times because of the addiction of the parents to these programmes it may upset to the children those who are engaging stu dies during these time period.CHAPTER 4DATAThe required data was collected through a questionnaire and under mentioned groups were questioned through the questionnaire. Numbers of forty five people sample among the general public were selected randomly under the following heads.a. School Teachersb. Doctorsc. Parentsd. Officers in No 33 JCC representing Armed Forcese. University Studentsf. School A/L Students52. The data which are collected through questionnaire and were re structure according to the under mentioned age groups.a. while under 20 years (13People/ School Students)b. Age between 21 to 30 years. (8 People/Majority is University Students)c. Age between 31 to 40 years. (11 People/Majority is Armed forces Officers)d. Age above 40 years (13 People/Parents)53. Among the questions in the questionnaire, under mentioned questions were selected and data analyzed with respected to the questions and age groups are as follows.Question No 9Do you deal reality programs (Such as Sira sa Super Star/Comedy Star/Dream Star/ Little Star/ Sirasa Kumariya/Shadow Star etc) are badly modify to the social development of our younger generation?Question No 10Do you think reality programs (Such as Sirasa Super Star/Comedy Star/Dream Star/ Little Star/ Sirasa Kumariya/Shadow Star etc) are badly affecting to the educational development of our younger generation?Question No 11As your view, the intention of organizing reality programs by the television channels is/are,Question No 12Do the winners of this kind of reality programs are having a future carrier and are they capable to maintain their popularity as professional entertainers for a long period?CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF RESULTSQuestion No 3 Would you interested to watch reality programs (Such as Sirasa Super Star/Comedy Star/Dream Star/ Little Star/ Sirasa Kumariya/Shadow Star etc)?Analyzing the answers given for the popularity based question, it can be justified that the people below 40 years of age are more interested to watch reality programmes than the people above 40 years among the selected people group.It can prove that the younger generation is more interested than the elder people about reality programs.Analyzing all the result of the answers given to above questions, it is proving that all the age groups are interested to watch reality programmes which are telecasting in Sri Lankan television channels.Question No 9Do you think reality programs (Such as Sirasa Super Star/Comedy Star/Dream Star/ Little Star/ Sirasa Kumariya/Shadow Star etc) are badly affecting to the social development of our younger generation?Analyzing the answers given for the affect to the society and social development based question, the people below 30 years are not agreed to the authors argument but people above 30 years, who can be considered as mature people, are agreed with the authors argument.Also overall result analyze for the question regarding affects to social development majority of the selected group of peop le are agreed to the argument which make by the author.So it can be conclude as the reality programmes are badly affecting to the social development of our younger generation.Question No 10Do you think reality programs (Such as Sirasa Super Star/Comedy Star/Dream Star/ Little Star/ Sirasa Kumariya/Shadow Star etc) are badly affecting to the educational development of our younger generation?Analyzing the answers given for the effect to the educational development based on question, the whole sample which consists younger and elder generation is agreed with the argument made by the author.Specially the age group above 31 years have verbalized their idea that the some reality programs are being affected to the educational development of the younger generationAlso overall result analyze for the question regarding affects to educational development majority of the selected sample of people are agreed to the argument which made by the author.So it can be conclude as some of the reality p rogrammes are badly affecting to the educational development of our younger generation.Question No 11As your view, the intention of organizing reality programs by the television channels is/areAnalyzing the answers given for the actual intention of the organizers of reality programs based on question, the each age group is having believe that the actual intention of the programmes are popularity and financial benefits of the organizers.But considering whole result of the question the sample is having believe that the actual intentions are popularity and financial benefits of the organizers and explore the young talents in relevant fields.Question No 12Do the winners of this kind of reality programs are having a future carrier and are they capable to maintain their popularity as professional entertainers for a long period?Analyzing the answers given

Report on Procurement Process for Holiday Development

Report on Procurement Process for Holiday Development1.0 first appearanceThis report has been prep bed to discuss the procurement options available to All Star Property Development for the proposed holiday development in Tring.2.0 Project Details2.1 broadlyThe project comprises the provision of a holiday development comprising inexpensive holiday lets, club house and shop. Work to include modular unit accommodation, with all opinionated fittings, furniture and equipment included within the strike including kitchen units and appliances.All loose furnishings and furniture will be down to the client following completion and handover over the project.2.2 budgetThe construction budget is currently approximately 2million.2.3 ProgrammeThe project programme anticipates completion May 2011 with a construction period of approximately 11 months.The whole kit and boodle are therefore expected to commence June 2010.An excelerated programme would be considered for an earliest opening for Eas ter 2011. originationThe programme is at a RIBA stage C.The achievement of the traffic pattern development is subject to discussion and the procurement route decided upon but, is currently envisaged that it will be beyond RIBA work stage D in order to achieve the programme stated above.Procurement MethodsDue to the budget, it is felt that the procurement routes suitable for this project are handed-downDesign and Build3.1 TraditionalThe invention and construction are generally deemed to be separate activities. Full documentation is necessary for tendering purposes, including that from specialist subcontractile organs where appropriate and adequate time is needed for the dressing of this.The method of reimbursement is commonly expected to be a lump sum pedestal. The procurement method can however be used in a wide range of situations including a measurement or personify plus contract.In theory, therefore should reasonable cost certainty on construction be in a lump sum contrac t, however, cost increases can result due to a client changes, inadequate design and poor asseverator performance.Advantagesi) Tenders are on a like for like basisii) Scheme fully pre-designed and specifiediii) Early commitment to priceiv) Provides contractually agreed prices for valuation of variations, cost admit and analysisv) Standards are easier to controlvi) Direct employer relationship with designers.Disadvantagesi) Longer procurement timeii) Split responsibility between construction and designiii) limited risk transfer.3.2 Design and BuildA method where the contractor is responsible for undertaking both the detailed design and construction of the work in grant for a lump sum price. there are variations on this option depending on the degree to which initial design is included in the clients requirements.The extent of control over the design is restricted once the contract is let since the contractor assumes responsibility once appointed. Some of the risk associated with this can be mitigated by a lesser extent by the novation of the original design team. The design and construction can generally proceed in parallel resulting in the boilersuit programme time being shortened.Client changes in design specification can be made during construction although are more difficult to accurately agree on costs.Advantagesi) Transfer of risk to contractor (but non usually all risks)ii) Design is in competition (unless ii-stage see later)iii) Maximum overlap of design and constructioniv) Construction expertise available for designv) Early commitment to maximum pricevi) Less construction information required from client.Disadvantagesi) Tendering expensive to contractorsii) Design not fully developed at tender stage, uncertain of final exact details until construction do itdiii) Best designer is not unavoidably best builder and vice-versa (unless client team is novated)iv) Design liability can be limitedv) Standards can be difficult to controlvi) Variations ca n make water greater consequence on costvii) Normally only the minimum is provided to satisfy the Employers requirementsviii) Premium for assumption of risk payable.3.3 Variants on Procurement ProcessThere are refinements or variations on the procurement options described previouslySingle stage discriminating tendering 2 stage selective tenderingNegotiated tendering3.3.1 Single stage selective tenderThis form of tendering occurs when the client wishes to obtain the most competitive price for the project. This method will only be successful where the design is substantially complete for the type of contract being proposed, ie. design and build or traditional as any incomplete elements of the design will lead to post contract variations and additional costs.In using this method, the client seeks tenders usually from three to six pre-selected competent contractors issuing detailed tender information, whether it be performance specifications for a design and built route or full detail ed bill of quantities for a traditional route. Tenders are returned and assessed under competition, with a contractor being selected on the basis of who best meets the evaluation criteria.Advantagesi) Most competitive price achievedii) The client retains greater control of design andiii) Increased cost certainty at signing of contract.Disadvantagesi) The contractor is not able to share its construction expertise at the design stageii) Increased programme requirements to produce the full design in levy of tender andiii) Possible cost increases and variations are likely where the design is incomplete or erros have been made in design.3.3.2 Two stage selective tenderingTwo stage tendering is best suited where the client requires a competitive price but in particular requires early contractor involvement. The client will vent tenders with limited preliminary information (usually preliminaries, provisional sums, early work packages) and a schedule of rates for the areas where the desig n is incomplete. Tenders are returned and assessed under competition, with the contractor being selected on the basis of who best meets the evaluation criteria. As the works progress, the schedule of rates is sued to complete the pricing of the design.Advantagesi) Allows early startii) Allows the contractor to have input into design and construction techniquesiii) Greater programme certainty as risks and identified early andiv) Can build trust between client and contractor.Disadvantagesi) Possible increase in construction costs due to lack of competition on tenderingii) A risk to programme if negotiations fail to meet targetsiii) Less cost certainty if early site start is preferred.4.0 Evaluation of Procurement MethodsThe chosen procurement method is determined by the Clients approach toCostProgrammeDesign and build character4.1 CostCost is a decisive factor with the client seeking cost certainty at an early stage.However, a fixed price not the only factor as value for money, scope for variations and accountability are feature in selection.4.2 ProgrammeAs stated in section 2.0, the completion is required for May 2011 with a start on site date of June 2010.Assuming RIBA work stage typical lead-in periods for tender document preparation, tender, contractor selection and mobilisation for the various procurement options are given below1. Traditional 6 months2. Design and Builda) individual stage 5 monthsb) two stage 3 months4.2 Design and Build qualityWhilst the quality of the design and the building works is view as important, achieving value for money will repose fundamental.An evaluation matrix based on interpretation of All Star Developments expectations is attached at appendix 1CostTimeQuality5.0 testimonialBased on the evaluation matrix the following ranking is achieved1. Design and Build2. TraditionalAs cost certainty is paramount a single stage process is recommended.

Sacrament Of Reconciliation

Sacrament Of ReconciliationSo lets define the difference between apology, amnesty and atonement. The following definition is from the Webster Dictionary. Apology is a formal justification, defense, excuse an admission of error accompanied by an expression of regret. It implies an attempt to avoid or hit blame or censure. Steve Cornell posted on the web a really great insight into the difference between benignity and reconciliation. Here he summarizes a backbone distinctionIts possible to forgive someone without offering immediate reconciliation. Its possible for forgiveness to occur in the context of ones relationship with god isolated from contact with his/her offender. But reconciliation is focused on restoring broken relationships. And where trust is deeply broken, restoration is a process-sometimes, a lengthy one.So why the sizeableness of distinguishing the difference? Steve continues to explain why recognizing the difference is importantThe process of reconciliation dep ends on the attitude of the offender, the depth of the betrayal, and the pattern of offense. When an offended party works toward reconciliation, the frontmost and most important step is the confirmation of genuine repentance on the part of the offender (Luke 173). So another word that can be used for reconciliation is Transformation. So when we sinning we separate ourselves from Gods respect or put a barrier between God and ourselves. We get hold of deliberately, by our sustain free will, performed an act of disobedience against God. We can apologize to God, but it does not hold the somebody accountable to change or transformation of oneself. But if we get for forgiveness resulting in reconciliation, we whence are asked by God for a commitment to change in which a transformation takes place of ones lifestyle.The sacrament of reconciliation can in any case be used as a sacrament of healing. A healing of not only our spiritual self but also our emotional and psychological bein g. Sin leaves ugly scars on a someone. These scars can be emotional and psychological which can have physical effects. A person can go to a physician and be healed from the physical aspect but if the scars go deeper into the spiritual being of a person and then one is not altogether healed. A good example are women who have had an abortion. No term can adequately express the heartbreak that abortion causes, but for the purposes of identification we will call it Post-Abortion Trauma. Common mental pictures associated with Post-Abortion Trauma include guilt, grief, anger and regret. These feelings frequently manifest themselves through anti-social, self-destructive, and other abnormal behaviors. Many who contain from Post-Abortion Trauma experience flashbacks, nightmares, and varying degrees of depression. The woman who holds a Christian worldview is very give carely to begin, at some point after her abortion, to feel like a second-class citizen in Gods economy, even though she may know this to be incompatible with Scripture. She usually will either turn away from the church completely or try to prove herself by being good long enough until God will finally forgive her. Many post-abortive women, as we have already described, are secretly convinced that their transgressions are literally in a class by themselves, beyond the stretch of Gods forgiveness. The more important task, then is to accept on an emotional level what they may already know on an intellectual level that Gods forgiveness is already available, and that they must decide to reach out and grasp it firmly. There are three important aspects to this firm grasp on forgiveness (1) knowing Who ultimately has paid the debt, (2) allowing intimacy with God to be restored and (3) understanding the difference between punishment and consequences.The Bible clearly teaches that God has made provision for the forgiveness of wrongdoing. But the post-abortive woman often has a very difficult time believing that forgiveness is available for her selfish and catastrophic choice. Thus, in apparent contradiction to (or ignorance of) her own theology, she cannot accept Gods forgiveness. Instead, she continues to live in a compartmentalized state in which her head knowledge and her heart knowledge do not match. Like the person described in the Matthew 18 parable, she has been told of her Lords forgiveness but her guilty emotions still demand that she pay her debt herself.Restoring intimacy is the second aspect of forgiveness, and it is perhaps best understood in the parent- small fry relationship. When a child chooses to do something wrong, a healthy, loving parent needs only to know that the child is genuinely sorry for her actions for reconciliation and intimacy to be restored. In the equivalent way, God only needs for us to verbalize our responsibility and sorrow for our action in order to restore intimacy with Him.Finally, the third aspect of forgiveness has to do with understanding the difference between punishment and consequences, which are all too easily confused. For the post-abortive woman. a consequence might be infertility. It is tempting for her to take in this as a sign of Gods continued judgment and rejection. Instead, she needs to understand Gods care for her, and His limitless capacity to redeem the fallout from unwise choices in a fallen world. God, as a loving parent, is as grieved as we are about the losses brought on by our choices. But living with the consequences of our choices is a key part of the uncoerced relationship God desires to have with us.The sacrament of confession unveils us and humbles us before God. Confession removes barriers of sin so that the love from the tiro can be completely received by us and then we in turn are strengthened to return that beautiful unconditional love back to the Father and share it with others around us, particularly our spouse. Christ conquered the death of sin at the cross- He became sin itself, died a nd defeated it through the resurrection. Ironically, it is through Christ, that our sin brings us to new life. The more we reveal of ourselves, the more we are forgiven- where there is much forgiveness there is much love and gratitude. Our anger dies, our bitterness dies, our choler dies, our critical spirit dies, and our desire for revenge dies. We are now set free so that we ourselves may forgive and live a joyful, fulfilling marriage in and through the grace of Christ. It may be that at one time or another we have found the sacrament of Reconciliation a burden. by chance we even can remember an occasion when we said, I wish I didnt have to go to confession.But certainly in our saner moments we find Reconciliation a sacrament that we love, a sacrament we would not want to be without.Just think of all that the sacrament of Reconciliation does for usFirst of all, if a person has cut himself off from God by a grave and deliberate act of disobedience against God (that is, by mortal sin), the sacrament of Reconciliation reunites the mind to God sanctifying grace is restored to the soul.At the same time, the sin itself (or sins) is forgiven. Just as darkness disappears from a room when the light is turned on, so too must sin disappear from the soul with the coming of sanctifying grace.When received without any mortal sin on the soul, the sacrament of Reconciliation imparts to the soul an increase in sanctifying grace. This direction that there is a deepening and strengthening of that divine-life-shared by which the soul is united to God.And always, any venial sins which the penitent may have committed and for which he is authentically sorry are forgiven. These are the lesser and more common sins which do not cut us off from God but still hinder, like clouds across the sun, the full flow of his grace to the soul.It is a spiritual medicine which strengthens as well as heals. That is why a person intent upon track a good life will make it a practice to receive t he sacrament of Reconciliation often. Frequent confession is one of the best guarantees against locomote into grave sin. It would be the height of stupidity to say, I dont need to go to confession because I havent committed any mortal sins.All these results of the sacrament of Reconciliation-restoration or increase of sanctifying grace, forgiveness of sins, remission of punishment, restoration of merit, grace to conquer temptation-all these are possibleonly because of the infinite merits of Jesus Christ, which the sacrament of Reconciliation applies to our souls.Jesus on the cross already has done our work for us. In the sacrament of Reconciliation we simply give God a chance to share with us the infinite merits of his Son.Your sins are forgiven.(Luke 520)t was many years and many struggles later that I realized that it is in the solitude of the confessional when I most live by the way (or power) of the cross. It is in the confessional that I pop off soulfully naked and surrender my sinful life to God. He then gifts me with new life (His Grace). It is through Gods grace that the possibilities for life become endless and exciting. Philippians 413 reads I can do everything God asks me to with the help of Christ who gives me the strength and power. Realize the sacraments are living. God is actually fall in in the sacrament of reconciliation through His grace (the power of the Holy Spirit). God loves humility so when I completely reveal my weaknesses and failings to God in the sacrament of reconciliation, God gifts me with His grace and through His grace HE inwardly strengthens me against future sin and temptation. The Holy Spirit fills me with love, joy, peace, true happiness and a feeling of being content no matter what my life circumstances may be. Ultimately, in the confessional, I am slowly being set free from the irons of sin because in my deepening love for God I loose desire to sin.

Booker T. Washington :: essays research papers

Booker T. capital of the United States was the first African American whose likeness appeared on a United States postage stamp. Washington also was thus honored a quarter century after his death. In 1946 he also became the first black with his image on a coin, a 50-cent piece. The Tuskegee Institute, which Washington started at the age of 25, was the where the 10-cent stamps first were available. The educators monument on its campus shows him lifting a symbolic veil from the head of a freed slave. Booker Taliaferro Washington was born(p) a slave on April 5, 1856, in Franklin County, Va. His mother, Jane Burroughs, was a plantation cook. His father was an unknown white man. As a child, Booker swept yards and brought water to slaves workings in the fields. Freed after the American Civil War, he went with his mother to Malden, W. Va., to join Washington Ferguson, whom she had married during the war. At about age 16 Booker put out for Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, which had been established by the chief of the Freedmens Bureau to educate former slaves. He walked much of the way, working to earn the fare to exonerate the long, dusty journey to Virginia. For his admission test he repeatedly swept and dusted a classroom, and he was able to earn his board by working as a janitor. After graduation three years later he taught in Malden and at Hampton. A former slave who had become a in(predicate) farmer, and a white politician in search of the Negro vote in Macon County obtained financial support for a training teach for blacks in Tuskegee, Ala. When the board of commissioners asked the head of Hampton to send a principal for their new school, they had expected the principal to be white. Instead Washington arrived in June 1881. He began classes in July with 30 students in a shanty donated by a black church. Later he borrowed money to buy an abandoned plantation nearby and moved the school there. By the time of his death in Tuskegee in 1915 the institu te had some 1,500 students, more than 100 well-equipped buildings, and a large faculty. Washington believed that blacks could promote their constitutional rights by impressing Southern whites with their economic and moral progress. He wanted them to forget about political power and concentrate on their farming skills and learning industrial trades.

The Merchant Of Venice - Shylock: Villain Or Victim? Essay -- Merchant

Many people are scoundrelous in the focussing they behave. Their villainous acts may be attributed to their desire to destroy others and in turn elevate themselves to a higher financial or social level. How constantly, the root font of their villainy may be a response to the treatment they have endured at the hands of others. In short, they have been taught villainy, rather than it being an integral scatter of their personality. In such instances, revenge can be a key motivator in inspiring them to act in a villainous way. It is on such occasions, where villains have themselves been exposed to villainy, that the distinction between villain and victim becomes blurred. Victims are usually characterised in the way that they are persecuted for circumstances, which are beyond their work for example their appearance. In plays and novels, the victim is sometimes a character included to highlight the prejudices and pre-conceptions of the social climate in which the play or novel was wr itten. In the Merchant of Venice it can be argued that usurers character undergoes a metamorphosis from villain to victim. However, in this essay I hope to discuss whether in fact usurer can be defined as either villain or victim and to form an opinion of what Shakespeare intended. First we shall look at the aspects of the text that picture shylock as a villain. We are first introduced to Shylock in Act I Scene iii where we learn of his usury. It is in this scene that Bassanio seeks Shylock out and asks to borrow money from him in Antonios name. Also in this scene do we learn of Shylocks hatred for Antonio and the Christians How like a fawning publican he looks / I hate him for he is a Christian (Act I Scene iii)Shylock also displays elements of belligerence in his refusal to ever forgive the Christians. We also learn of his intent regarding Antonios life If I can catch him once upon the hip, / I will feed fat the quaint grudge I bear him. (Act I Scene iii)Shylock also shows hi mself to be devious and cunning by hiding his hatred beneath a faade of friendship in order to entice Antonio to become indebted to him, not just with money but with his life. Antonio is very nave regarding the terms of the fond regard taking the pound of flesh clause to be a show of friendship not hatred The Hebrew will turn Christian he grows kind. (Act I Scene iii)Perhaps he receives the terms... ...uted among his sworn enemies. Although Shylock pursues his revenge fervently he still has the audiences sympathy because of the unfair and acrid punishment he receives. It strikes a modern day audience as grossly unfair that the severity of his punishment reflects not his crime, but his race. He is a victim of the Christians intolerance of other races and ideas. In conclusion, I feel that ultimately Shylock is a villain. The way he treats those he is close to, for example his missy Jessica exposes his vindictive and ultimately evil character. He lets his lust for vengeance engulf all other aspects of his life and his complete lack of mercy towards Antonio renders him a villain in the eyes of the audience.We can only guess at the way in which Shakespeare intended Shylock to be portrayed. I feel that Shakespeare intended Shylock to be victim, he was created to challenge the pre-conceptions and ideologies of the Elizabethan era. Having said this, I feel personally that it is not productive for us to simply categorise Shylock as either victim or villain. Through Shylock, Shakespeare explores the way in which the line between the oppressed and the oppressor can become blurred.